tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8901725404780260142024-03-19T01:48:04.234-07:00HISTORIAS PARA MENTES CURIOSASConsuelohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17065612406754802718noreply@blogger.comBlogger53125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-890172540478026014.post-12000401016433550322023-07-24T00:51:00.010-07:002024-01-14T02:41:51.574-08:00Inquisición, conversos y aceite de oliva: el último bulo<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span>Hace una semana surgió un nuevo bulo sobre la Inquisición española: los inquisidores animaban a los cristianos viejos a denunciar a los </span><span>falsos conversos si olían a aceite de oliva.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Este bulo ha surgido en un programa de radio grabado en Úbeda. Aquí el enlace:</span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/snwLXGXSGGA" width="320" youtube-src-id="snwLXGXSGGA"></iframe></span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">En el vídeo, en el minuto </span><span style="text-align: left;">17:34, </span><span>podemos escuchar
a Nieves Concostrina afirmar que:</span><i> </i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span><span><i>antes se detectaba a los judíos si
consumía aceite de oliva porque los judíos no podían consumir grasa de cerdo… <span style="color: #212529;"><b>Nos ha leído unos textos maravillosos que decía</b>… animando
al cristiano a denunciar al que se hacía pasar por cristiano nuevo que se llamaba,
porque dice <b>si huele a aceite de oliva o si consume aceite de oliva eso
significa</b> <b>que no es un cristiano viejo</b></span></i></span><i><span style="color: #212529;"> </span></i><i style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #212529; line-height: 19.9733px; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[…] todas la religiones defienden que la otra es falsa y todas tienen razón </span></i></span><i style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #212529; line-height: 19.26px; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[…] </span></i><i><span style="color: #212529;">No conocía yo el asunto este <b>que era el judío el que consumía el aceite de oliva </b></span></i><i style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #212529; line-height: 19.9733px; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">y ahora estamos aquí todos como locos, so judíos.</span></i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="color: #212529; font-family: arial; line-height: 107%;">A su lado,
Andrea Pezzini cuenta que les ha leído un texto donde se dice que el mismísimo <b>Tomás de Torquemada </b>no <i>fue criado consumiendo aceite, no fue circuncidado..</i>. Desgraciadamente, e</span></span><span style="color: #212529; font-family: arial;">ste texto que cita no aparece en el vídeo, por lo que no sabemos qué palabras exactas pone en él.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span style="color: #212529; line-height: 107%;">He buceado </span></span><span><span style="color: black;">en Internet, consultado libros sobre la Inquisición y sobre Torquemada </span></span></span><span style="font-family: arial;">en busca de ese texto</span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span style="color: black;">. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: black;">Nada. </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: black;">Bueno, sí, </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial;">he encontrado lo siguiente en una <a href="https://ruizdepadron.wordpress.com/no-comeras-aceite-de-oliva/" target="_blank">página Web</a>:</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Los frailes dominicos y
los franciscanos suben a los púlpitos para clamar contra los hijos de Abraham y
animarte a denunciar a tu vecino judío por cualquier nimiedad que te parezca
poco cristiana. Quien no fríe la carne con manteca de cerdo o mantequilla es
que aún practica en secreto su religión: la Ley mosaica especifica que no
cocinarás las crías en la leche de su madre Por tanto es vital saber si ese
cristiano nuevo utiliza el aceite de oliva en lugar de grasa animal <b>Trata de
oler al vecino cuando pase a tu lado: la fetidez de las aceitunas lo
incriminará. Si eres inquisidor has de sentir la satisfacción de cumplir la
voluntad divina y proporcionar a los judíos una oportunidad de regresar a la
única religión verdadera.</b> No existe mejor ejemplo que T<b>omás de Torquemada cuyos
familiares judíos no lo alimentaron con aceite de oliva ni lo circuncidaron</b>
Observa lo alto que llegó dentro del Santo Tribunal y cómo contrarió aquel
viejo proverbio de perro no come perro. <b>Si eres cristiano nuevo aprende de
su ejemplo y delata a quienes continúan</b> empeñados en respetar los sábados.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Este párrafo pertenece a una novela histórica, <i>La
isla transparente,</i> de Manuel Mora Morales, 2011. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Son muy pero que muy curiosas las coincidencias
entre el texto y las palabras de los tertulianos. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span>La novela trata sobre <b>Antonio José Ruiz de Padrón</b>, <i>el
hombre que terminó con la Inquisición española</i>.</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1419;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1419;">Ruiz de Padrón</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1419;"> (franciscano, presbítero, diputado liberal en las Cortes de Cádiz y escritor) cargó </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1419;">contra la Inquisición y pidió su abolición en un discurso de 1813 como diputado por Canarias (</span><i style="background-color: white; color: #0f1419;"><a href="https://www.google.es/books/edition/Discurso_pronunciado_por_el_diputado_de/IJYvAAAAYAAJ?hl=es&gbpv=0" target="_blank">Discurso pronunciado por el diputado de las Canarias</a>).</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1419;"> Cita a
Torquemada, pero no hay nada sobre su circuncisión, dieta, aceites o sobre olisquear al prójimo.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span>Dicho esto, </span></span><span>no he encontrado ningún documento inquisitorial, ni civil, en el que se jaleara a los cristianos viejos a olisquear a los conversos.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span>En cambió, sí he encontrado numerosísimos datos sobre el uso del aceite de oliva entre</span><span> cristinos viejos y nuevos. Lo</span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"> utilizarán para cocinar, para hacer jabones, cosmético, medicinas y para alumbrar. La única limitación sería el precio (en</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> la Edad Media la producción de oliva sufrió un
retroceso, pero será en la Edad Moderna cuando se incremente, incluso se llega a exportar a América).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Algunos ejemplos:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03); color: #0f1419; font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;">-Ordenanzas de Garci Sánchez de Alvarado (1435):</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjfBmjPn5j19QtpYgMz1kXGKaA9bozkbf_-R5dyZ3AIYvxwA0_sVlP9XpZjCXJdoczA2CZjqLwRvoxyFMsnLtTvn8akKffe1pMz4vWt-QrhZE3b55gtVdjVZ8sV-MejYM5cUB_l-Hq5DVLo4qNxAmKQ4h2xI1JMIdecTQmULBnPX-kSHcUbinU3-YSCOtkz" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><img alt="" data-original-height="309" data-original-width="1153" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjfBmjPn5j19QtpYgMz1kXGKaA9bozkbf_-R5dyZ3AIYvxwA0_sVlP9XpZjCXJdoczA2CZjqLwRvoxyFMsnLtTvn8akKffe1pMz4vWt-QrhZE3b55gtVdjVZ8sV-MejYM5cUB_l-Hq5DVLo4qNxAmKQ4h2xI1JMIdecTQmULBnPX-kSHcUbinU3-YSCOtkz=w640-h173" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1419; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;">-1487 (</span><span style="text-align: left;">Rafael Domínguez Casa: hoy división de espacios hombres-mujeres
en la corte de los Reyes Católicos:</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1419; font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Con datos sobre higiene.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1419; font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1419; font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh7K1mb_xiQZ8R-fQomrODr1mE0wEp8tCfAWoISXH057tqgInS9dJH0zWmuOW6ZnbAMiK793nTYlWe728XNwbFvsAV5iKLiMAw2RYIFG8y-tc8oJv--lr654-VIUNMRcT6L6DjMOD1s_EL3QM0HVkjg2vLZGk8WJ-aGN-T3UJ7sPlwkyTcld1XunafmbMcv" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="537" data-original-width="900" height="382" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh7K1mb_xiQZ8R-fQomrODr1mE0wEp8tCfAWoISXH057tqgInS9dJH0zWmuOW6ZnbAMiK793nTYlWe728XNwbFvsAV5iKLiMAw2RYIFG8y-tc8oJv--lr654-VIUNMRcT6L6DjMOD1s_EL3QM0HVkjg2vLZGk8WJ-aGN-T3UJ7sPlwkyTcld1XunafmbMcv=w640-h382" width="640" /></a></div><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span face="TwitterChirp, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03); color: #0f1419; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;">-Olivar y molino de aceite (</span><span face="TwitterChirp, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03); color: #0f1419; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;">1508) (</span><span style="text-align: left;">Baltasar Cuart: nobleza y élites conversas: Los nuevos y los
Mendoza de Jaén en una documentación salmantina del siglo XVI):</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiY_L1FkeNAh0VM6baHbiavbNDU4WZqaTTVGGaIC1V7fZedLUwhvkZS_i3K2BaP9hGHoRWnI3-Cf2WiSjnhUfFQWbEluK2qL4eohE8AZbcnLxXvfw4-9f8VWhhZ-1cXB3JdNvPFVkZC2VhpYy1eTSz-yYYFDYVL8Hymlx3gFMwmizJqUPxjc10gIcNdaTi6" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><img alt="" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="1096" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiY_L1FkeNAh0VM6baHbiavbNDU4WZqaTTVGGaIC1V7fZedLUwhvkZS_i3K2BaP9hGHoRWnI3-Cf2WiSjnhUfFQWbEluK2qL4eohE8AZbcnLxXvfw4-9f8VWhhZ-1cXB3JdNvPFVkZC2VhpYy1eTSz-yYYFDYVL8Hymlx3gFMwmizJqUPxjc10gIcNdaTi6=w640-h210" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">-<a href="https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/libre-de-doctrina-per-a-ben-servir-de-tallar-y-del-art-de-coch-transcripcio--0/html/ff1e2444-82b1-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_2.html" target="_blank">Llibre de doctrina pen a ben servir, de tallar y de art de coch</a>... (finales XV-1520):</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Hay varias recetas donde se usaba el aceite (oli).</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Huevos fritos:</span></div></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-indent: 30px;"><i>Hauras fulles de saluia e pica les ben fort: e ap<re>s hages ous debatuts e mesclats ab la saluia: e ap<re>s a vna paella e met hi mantega d<e> manera q<ue> ni haja vn dit de fusa o: mes: e sino te<n>s mantega hages bon oli e met ni aximateix: e qua<n>t bullira la mantega o <b>oli </b>met hi los ous e la saluia e fes ne vna truyta q<ue> sia ben cuyta e fes que tinga dos dits o mes de gruixa: e quant sera cuyta met la en vn gresal: o plat ab molt sucre damunt o deuall empero deu se menjar calenta.</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1419; font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1419; font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;">-Gabriel Alonso de Herrera: Obra de Agricultura compilada de diversos auctores.
(1513):</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1419; font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1419; font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhtOTVXYISzg0Uuk0t-1qGMJrZFH2vjRtt9MCweG9VFKEDd4svLTQwk88oI7c1UVrD2SpTbiyPinrNl8e2hP_fy14kLNe9CODch8dhjO2Ns4zyEDc10uwmk0p0nWdnIprk5jVY1-l5D5cwrpR6th8KnPtNVz4TDejx81sgPhdHrlrj6YzsPjHdNjaFUW_7X" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="349" data-original-width="622" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhtOTVXYISzg0Uuk0t-1qGMJrZFH2vjRtt9MCweG9VFKEDd4svLTQwk88oI7c1UVrD2SpTbiyPinrNl8e2hP_fy14kLNe9CODch8dhjO2Ns4zyEDc10uwmk0p0nWdnIprk5jVY1-l5D5cwrpR6th8KnPtNVz4TDejx81sgPhdHrlrj6YzsPjHdNjaFUW_7X" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgb5kd-5HROsPqRUoOzZRMt9ZtQ_ggy1mx8U6r5M5cBbfK5V4ixRFv-6xxLosx5c_dwmKG2McPWydM6E80ryIyllF2p-3oaMgkx1brSK93NWA3D87enxuZxeKcnN8c_d87aP9aFStd73wo-AbrSUEaqivNVhMBZu6LZqNRz-klcItHMU_F1JPPYNJh4GKuM" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="516" data-original-width="528" height="390" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgb5kd-5HROsPqRUoOzZRMt9ZtQ_ggy1mx8U6r5M5cBbfK5V4ixRFv-6xxLosx5c_dwmKG2McPWydM6E80ryIyllF2p-3oaMgkx1brSK93NWA3D87enxuZxeKcnN8c_d87aP9aFStd73wo-AbrSUEaqivNVhMBZu6LZqNRz-klcItHMU_F1JPPYNJh4GKuM=w400-h390" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhNO2NqyFDBqt7Q6Xo11VJSuFUoV-DG7aEc80E_dxrs39EXJT7J6ZwILnSfkWWrecdUvJXYst_yRbghRMNcomhkjiDbxY2n79I8lJRqSYZq8ju8ux2nlZm9X7ZLoIZYUF726A25WKOr-bfsFHF1L3PwZq8X7eV18qHjEnAygBqScetLWUcxuAbBhDPVkr7z" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="614" data-original-width="532" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhNO2NqyFDBqt7Q6Xo11VJSuFUoV-DG7aEc80E_dxrs39EXJT7J6ZwILnSfkWWrecdUvJXYst_yRbghRMNcomhkjiDbxY2n79I8lJRqSYZq8ju8ux2nlZm9X7ZLoIZYUF726A25WKOr-bfsFHF1L3PwZq8X7eV18qHjEnAygBqScetLWUcxuAbBhDPVkr7z=w347-h400" width="347" /></a></div></div></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1419; font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1419; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;">-1523 (</span>Carlos Javier de Carlos Morales: Carlos
V y el crédito de Castilla. El tesorero general Francisco de Vargas y la
Hacienda Real entre 1516 y 1524):</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1419; font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1419; font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh7FZ2sjJVwv0G9zkLTQatZjwCyCE_lZSXmvaipN4Ol32jIvjxc0ZM1x5QPj-hkKW5gjcCue6pGDAcl78KcHB8G_QJN6Afgm21xJEFds0wglOZSH9W4hFrZJw3T5pHj1nkCghHGSh-2iLYHl20J0MxgXeKr5Vn4-vQLQwwTddlADjowwLAHhUpJfNfcEdD9" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="154" data-original-width="847" height="117" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh7FZ2sjJVwv0G9zkLTQatZjwCyCE_lZSXmvaipN4Ol32jIvjxc0ZM1x5QPj-hkKW5gjcCue6pGDAcl78KcHB8G_QJN6Afgm21xJEFds0wglOZSH9W4hFrZJw3T5pHj1nkCghHGSh-2iLYHl20J0MxgXeKr5Vn4-vQLQwwTddlADjowwLAHhUpJfNfcEdD9=w640-h117" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span face="TwitterChirp, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0f1419; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;">-</span><em><span style="line-height: 107%;">Libro de guisados, </span></em><span style="line-height: 107%;">Ruperto de Nola (</span>1529):</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Berenjenas a la morisca.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5L9i28M3LPU_rD0F_TGStg-JsIGOh-kAm1QsJJn0WMBE8Z8jIA-yPBa5daUk3S8VNl0X3_PdfaUUu-BsVrAGhC1dKr6rbzAoszmQKM-qgShpBa5OSjteeABWSmuwnEHunnNl68L2YW2HFegIJCOF7BKavZdigyg7RgW9AASBqf6qpNicleWcUL5HSoiVR/s571/Berenjenas%20morisca.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="473" data-original-width="571" height="530" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5L9i28M3LPU_rD0F_TGStg-JsIGOh-kAm1QsJJn0WMBE8Z8jIA-yPBa5daUk3S8VNl0X3_PdfaUUu-BsVrAGhC1dKr6rbzAoszmQKM-qgShpBa5OSjteeABWSmuwnEHunnNl68L2YW2HFegIJCOF7BKavZdigyg7RgW9AASBqf6qpNicleWcUL5HSoiVR/w640-h530/Berenjenas%20morisca.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div></div></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span face="TwitterChirp, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03); color: #0f1419; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;">-Sevillana medicina (1</span><span face="TwitterChirp, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03); color: #0f1419; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;">545):</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03); color: #0f1419; font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03); color: #0f1419; font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEguJo2wHs5OEmiXJ4HsDv75WIS1HBUJBi4EkBMZ4d0TXUVoVBW21qkxFyASx9RQVoXgMo9qI9LNESL0o7qx9_6OmUF5TVBZP7d5P8z9LFf61mEcw25He6MFuGnw2pH0r3XaXxH_UYiqIK5PM3wOigJgiKofI1-cir15v7zzaLNvcTCA4kF1OPSOICROZ7aC" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="275" data-original-width="526" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEguJo2wHs5OEmiXJ4HsDv75WIS1HBUJBi4EkBMZ4d0TXUVoVBW21qkxFyASx9RQVoXgMo9qI9LNESL0o7qx9_6OmUF5TVBZP7d5P8z9LFf61mEcw25He6MFuGnw2pH0r3XaXxH_UYiqIK5PM3wOigJgiKofI1-cir15v7zzaLNvcTCA4kF1OPSOICROZ7aC=w640-h334" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg6m7jf-73SyUMeFxNIqYTLalZZni-jMG4h624PhQa8CiH2txNB3A_ex0cT7ygtbz3L4J-oqtSg8m2Ta7dGe8VpHDtyU7V3RMTaIcayTtbZ8AOEPfQofRapa24SoML-56BCYmG0f0sGMbkOCMOp5SpkU4e-LigfOF3t2qb9ttMkbdbHa_74oKNB5WlfpuB4" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="171" data-original-width="518" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg6m7jf-73SyUMeFxNIqYTLalZZni-jMG4h624PhQa8CiH2txNB3A_ex0cT7ygtbz3L4J-oqtSg8m2Ta7dGe8VpHDtyU7V3RMTaIcayTtbZ8AOEPfQofRapa24SoML-56BCYmG0f0sGMbkOCMOp5SpkU4e-LigfOF3t2qb9ttMkbdbHa_74oKNB5WlfpuB4=w640-h213" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<p style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;">-Domingo Hernández de Maceras: Libro del Arte de Cozina (1607)</span></p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><i>Como se ha de guisar la merluza</i>:</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKIu0siRvrGh9s_fAOgIl5qBqfXZBAAYplctg5oCfohAuM8ghXIV2vmTw6H04rG25oCJ52AC7mK_vryRYbHpuItn11xOnvQv8glU3f8o__TCFS9cytO_krxsoxHkwyU5N2j9Vg7PNka5g1btcPjZqXi52jq7VgdNv7cV5IJ-trn8Q-nX5lA9pdmTaKZfc8/s934/Domingo%20Hern%C3%A1ndez%20de%20Maceras.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="444" data-original-width="934" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKIu0siRvrGh9s_fAOgIl5qBqfXZBAAYplctg5oCfohAuM8ghXIV2vmTw6H04rG25oCJ52AC7mK_vryRYbHpuItn11xOnvQv8glU3f8o__TCFS9cytO_krxsoxHkwyU5N2j9Vg7PNka5g1btcPjZqXi52jq7VgdNv7cV5IJ-trn8Q-nX5lA9pdmTaKZfc8/w640-h304/Domingo%20Hern%C3%A1ndez%20de%20Maceras.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><br /></div></span></div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1419; font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;">-Tesoro de la lengua castellana, Covarrubias (1611):</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhdeMcQlvQQltNM6iYUsSbtQiTFR216Ol6S_7Zae9ebljXSBg4Q8W88cFUgL9Tayt1A7W15OOvnlF5KbqpwN3Dm7d5lWg4D75XUGem1UQoXIMuJZMthHlQT_DlwcRPZiDYwtvPdJMWDP36EUcjqkIBN9fv9T7jtzz5bbXxJAoy97Z_DxnAy-yyt14CYV5I1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><img alt="" data-original-height="524" data-original-width="533" height="393" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhdeMcQlvQQltNM6iYUsSbtQiTFR216Ol6S_7Zae9ebljXSBg4Q8W88cFUgL9Tayt1A7W15OOvnlF5KbqpwN3Dm7d5lWg4D75XUGem1UQoXIMuJZMthHlQT_DlwcRPZiDYwtvPdJMWDP36EUcjqkIBN9fv9T7jtzz5bbXxJAoy97Z_DxnAy-yyt14CYV5I1=w400-h393" width="400" /></span></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiulW0IKfz8SW5_NjD6P7RtN2BBJuOTkFT8LB3_yut7AhJygk1BtYIbese-87UVqglPq3vwvFjI4G9EjGo5WWHSTVvJtNE1GUKagangGlxtpUFZG2Vzh97Hly_OhtiyJ_VphmSGcfAhYOlQFk-N6thP_wNhG_iy2XZRyq-EZoFzfhdJb9bZ_ldzJ7M4xe9o" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><img alt="" data-original-height="185" data-original-width="517" height="144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiulW0IKfz8SW5_NjD6P7RtN2BBJuOTkFT8LB3_yut7AhJygk1BtYIbese-87UVqglPq3vwvFjI4G9EjGo5WWHSTVvJtNE1GUKagangGlxtpUFZG2Vzh97Hly_OhtiyJ_VphmSGcfAhYOlQFk-N6thP_wNhG_iy2XZRyq-EZoFzfhdJb9bZ_ldzJ7M4xe9o=w400-h144" width="400" /></span></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiw5Tt-JNC3TJ-aJ0545WV4IAofT7aZfRTNV8oQq7YL1nPd4o5HI3gfIzz1MYJ6O_nVrL5OP-5Ubpuilfk93ca2Ggn_N4DfPMhDxg6rq-CoS5-v8HUm3s2Nrcm9dvqVF3iBHz9KqJSJlIm6AZ4TzJualIWdswNvLoKcNy246ZMymFipuDjBPpiYj0RlL46v" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><img alt="" data-original-height="477" data-original-width="534" height="357" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiw5Tt-JNC3TJ-aJ0545WV4IAofT7aZfRTNV8oQq7YL1nPd4o5HI3gfIzz1MYJ6O_nVrL5OP-5Ubpuilfk93ca2Ggn_N4DfPMhDxg6rq-CoS5-v8HUm3s2Nrcm9dvqVF3iBHz9KqJSJlIm6AZ4TzJualIWdswNvLoKcNy246ZMymFipuDjBPpiYj0RlL46v=w400-h357" width="400" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03); color: #0f1419; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span>-<a href="https://bivaldi.gva.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=1011187" target="_blank">Felipe IV</a>:</span></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03); color: #0f1419; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span><i>Introduccion del nueuo arbitrio de <b>azeyte de la ojuela o piñol</b>, que su magestad del Rey nuestro señor ha mandado aplicar a su real patrimonio, y la forma, y instrucciones para su execucion</i></span></span><span face="TwitterChirp, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03); color: #0f1419; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;">
</span></span></p><div><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03); color: #0f1419; font-family: arial; font-size: medium; white-space-collapse: preserve;">-Libro de los secretos de agricultura, casa de campo y pastoril, fray Miguel Agustín (1617-1627):</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03); color: #0f1419; font-family: arial; font-size: medium; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03); color: #0f1419; font-family: arial; font-size: medium; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhvMoFOfJipE2SphA2kBumWmn4MW3EOrgr8ZvhWxHFQYDvWwJ1iF7oMP_zgPBBZBuF4zZU2vcl0TwnOMlkcHO9F7FBXNesICtNpO11GaEErGRM3EQA5TfOsbZKEuAdiXKv_eWT3s_wXFgeNeAxTXKkL6QJxUSB8pwg0sPUSurj3E7hRevzwBaCdAQ-TSHwy" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="516" data-original-width="1083" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhvMoFOfJipE2SphA2kBumWmn4MW3EOrgr8ZvhWxHFQYDvWwJ1iF7oMP_zgPBBZBuF4zZU2vcl0TwnOMlkcHO9F7FBXNesICtNpO11GaEErGRM3EQA5TfOsbZKEuAdiXKv_eWT3s_wXFgeNeAxTXKkL6QJxUSB8pwg0sPUSurj3E7hRevzwBaCdAQ-TSHwy=w640-h304" width="640" /></a></div><br /></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span>Sí que es cierto que e</span><span>n los procesos inquisitoriales (donde un notario recogía todas las denuncias personales, hasta las pruebas más banales) aparece el aceite, pero siempre relacionado con una forma de cocinar unos determinados alimentos que estaban relacionados con fiestas judías y SIEMPRE tenía que ir junto con otros indicios, es decir, tenía que ir acompañado con otras pruebas (rituales) como, por ejemplo, baños, oraciones, limpiar la casa los viernes (para no trabajar el sábado), etc.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span>No podemos omitir las terribles palabras del cronista <b><a href="https://archive.org/details/historiadelosrey00bern/page/126/mode/2up" target="_blank">Andrés Bernáldez</a></b> contra los judíos
y conversos en su obra </span><i>Historia de los Reyes Católicos don Fernando y doña
Isabel</i><span>, finales del XV, donde sí hace referencia al olfato (fritangas):</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">…aquel tiempo los hereges
y judíos malaventurados huian de la doctrina eclesiástica ansí huian délas
costumbres de los christianos. […] Aveis de saber que las costunbres de la
gente común de ellos antes de la Inquisición, ni más ni menos eran que de los
proprios <b>hediondos judíos</b>; e esto causava la continua conversación que con
ellos tenían. Así eran tragones e comilitones, que nunca dexaron el comer a
costunbre judaica de manjarejos e olletas de adefinas <b>e manjarejos de
cebollas e ajos refritos con aceite, e la carne guisavan con aceite, e lo
echavan en lugar de tocino e de grosura, por escusar el tocino; e el aceite con
la carne e cosas que guisan hace muy mal oler el resuello, e así sus casas e
puertas hedían muy mal a aquellos manjarejos</b>; e ellos eso mismo tenían el
olor de los judíos, por causa de los manjares e de no ser baptizados<b>. E
puesto caso que algunos fueran baptizados, mortificado el carácter del baptismo
en ellos por la nulidad e por judaizar, hedían como judíos</b>. No comían
puerco sino en lugar forçoso; comían carne en las cuaresmas e vigilias e cuatro
ténporas, en secreto; guardavan las pascuas e sábados como mejor podian; enbiavan
aceite a las sinagogas para las lánparas; tenían judios que les predicasen en
sus casas de secreto, especialmente a las mugeres. Tenían judíos rabíes que les
degollavan las reses e aves para sus negocios; comían pan cenceño, al tienpo de
los judios carnes tajeles, haciendo todas las ceremonias judaicas de secreto,
en cuanto podían, así los honbres como las mugeres</span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; line-height: 107%;"><o:p>Por cierto, utilizar las palabras de Bernáldez como si fuera el sentir de la mayoría de los cristianos viejos es poco objetivo y muy maniqueo. Ya hemos visto que sí usaban aceite de oliva.</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; line-height: 107%;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 107%;">Más bibliografía: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">María del
Carmen Peiró: El comercio y los comerciantes en la Murcia de finales de la Edad
Media a través de la documentación, 1999.</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Antoni
Llibrer Escrig: El aceite en la baja Edad Media: su uso industrial la comarca
del sur valenciano y el desarrollo de la pañería (segunda mitad del siglo XV).</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">María
Raquel Picornell Buendía: Historia del cultivo del olivo y el aceite; su
expresión en la Biblia.</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Francisco
José Mataix Francisco Barbancho: el aceite de oliva y la Alimentación
Mediterránea.</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Gregorio
Colás: Olivos y aceite en Aragón en la Edad Moderna.</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Los
Paisajes del Olivar en Andalucía.</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Ana
M. Gómez-Bravo: El judaísmo como enfermedad en el discurso médico y literario
del siglo XV.</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Iván
Vélez: Torquemada. El gran inquisidor. Una historia del santo oficio.</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Beatriz
Leroy: La España de los Torquemada.</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Kamen,
Henry: La Inquisición Española: una revisión histórica.</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Kamen,
Henry: La Inquisición española: mito e historia. </span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Kamen,
Henry: Censura y libertad: El impacto de la Inquisición sobre la cultura.</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Lea,
Henry Charles y Alcalá Galve, Ángel: Historia de la Inquisición española.</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">María
Josefa Martínez Calero: Fray Tomás de Torquemada y la Inquisición Española.</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://cervantes.bne.es/es/exposicion/obras/relacion-autografa-recaudacion-aceite-obtenida-ecija" target="_blank">Relación autógrafa sobre la recaudación de aceiteobtenida en Écija</a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"></span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.torahmusings.com/2022/03/the-prohibition-against-eating-helev/" target="_blank">Helev</a>.</li></ul><p></p>
<br /><p></p>Consuelohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17065612406754802718noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-890172540478026014.post-72371480088199063952023-06-29T01:45:00.012-07:002023-06-29T01:47:43.649-07:00SOR JUANA INÉS DE LA CRUZ<p> <b style="text-align: justify;">Juana Inés de Asbaje y Ramírez de Santillana</b><span style="text-align: justify;">: (Nepantla, 1651-Ciudad de Méjico, 1695) religiosa y escritora del Siglo de Oro. También escribió autos sacramentales, poesía, teatro y prosa.</span></p><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> </span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">El no ser de Padre honrado,</i><o:p></o:p></span><br /><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fuera defecto a mi ver,</i><o:p></o:p></span><br /><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">si como recibí el ser</i><o:p></o:p></span><br /><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">de él, se lo hubiera yo dado.</i><o:p></o:p></span><br /><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Más piadosa fue tu Madre,</i><o:p></o:p></span><br /><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">que hizo que a muchos sucedas:</i><o:p></o:p></span><br /><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">para que, entre tantos, puedas</i><o:p></o:p></span><br /><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="line-height: 24.5333px; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">tomar el que más te cuadre.</span></i></span><br /><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 24.5333px; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span><br /><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 24.5333px; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sí, estas son dos redondillas de <b>Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz</b>. Desenvuelta y mordaz no se amilanaba ante anda, y menos cuando hablaban mal de su madre, quien la tuvo sin estar casada.<o:p></o:p></span></div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 24.5333px; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span><br /><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 24.5333px; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">De ella se puede decir que fue niña prodigio, independiente, atrevida y gran poeta. Buscó el refugio del convento para dedicarse a su gran pasión: el estudio. Hacerse monja la liberaba de las obligaciones propias de su época: formar una familia y dedicarse a las tareas doméstica.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><br /><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 24.5333px; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Instalada en una celda del <b>Convento de San Jerónim</b>o de la Ciudad de Méjico, se rodeó de sus cuatro mil volúmenes y de sus aparatos de Física. </span><br /><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 24.5333px; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">También se trajo sus instrumentos musicales, que le sirvieron para investigar efectos acústicos y relaciones matemáticas. Dos años antes de morir, tuvo que sacrificarlos por "deslenguada" y obediencia, repartiendo el dinero de la venta a los pobres.<o:p></o:p></span></div><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 24.5333px; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span><br /><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 24.5333px; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">La celda donde vivió la acondicionó a su gusto. Eras de dos pisos. La planta baja la ocupaban las criadas y era donde estaba la despensa. En la planta superior había una sala, y su alcoba. La chimenea y el fogón le sirvió para dar rienda suelta a otra de sus debilidades: cocinar.</span></div><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 24.5333px; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://opusincertumhispanicus.blogspot.com/2011/07/sor-juana-ines-de-la-cruz.html"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: medium;">Poema: Contradicción.</span></a><o:p></o:p></div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></span><br /><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0YwtCcjIl6FC07aTuA3YuE850PcLKbdEC4f_t549HkOT49T9yLn47GPJAr4ULRCD2vayHi8yY-k6sZ-MTcs2L_I_1gocH6XY4xDJ7-uR07tQw0PbeycS37iuwlUH2RaTz5iae9bF8DGKvcCVykAgBKK9golJVVw-3ytzZkdCIV0smVhqVK7cf5JXvPHzc/s556/Sor%20Juana%20In%C3%A9s%20de%20la%20Cruz.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="556" data-original-width="500" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0YwtCcjIl6FC07aTuA3YuE850PcLKbdEC4f_t549HkOT49T9yLn47GPJAr4ULRCD2vayHi8yY-k6sZ-MTcs2L_I_1gocH6XY4xDJ7-uR07tQw0PbeycS37iuwlUH2RaTz5iae9bF8DGKvcCVykAgBKK9golJVVw-3ytzZkdCIV0smVhqVK7cf5JXvPHzc/w360-h400/Sor%20Juana%20In%C3%A9s%20de%20la%20Cruz.jpg" width="360" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></span><br /><br /><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Bibliografía</span></div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></span><br /><ul><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></span><li><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="mso-fareast-language: ES;">López Portillo, Carmen Beatriz: <b>Sor Juana y su mundo: una mirada actual</b>. Memorias del congreso internacional . Fondo de Cultura Económica USA. </span></div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></span></li><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></span></ul><ul><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></span><li><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="mso-fareast-language: ES;">Lorenzano, Sandra: <b>Aproximaciones a Sor Juana</b>. Editora, Sandra Lorenzano, México, FCE, Universidad del Claustro de Sor Juana, 2005.</span></div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></span></li><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></span></ul><ul><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></span><li><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="mso-fareast-language: ES;">Peñalosa, Joaquín Antonio: <b>Alrededores de Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz.</b> Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México, 1997. </span></div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></span></li><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></span></ul><ul><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></span><li><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="mso-fareast-language: ES;">Sabat de Rivers, Georgina: <b>En busca de Sor Juana. </b>Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, Alicante, 2005.</span></div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></span></li><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></span></ul><ul><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></span><li><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Trejo Sirvent, Marisa: <b>Una introducción a Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz.</b> Instituto Mexiquense de Cultura. 2001.</span></div></li><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></span></ul>Consuelohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17065612406754802718noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-890172540478026014.post-84469967996489864792023-05-11T23:46:00.007-07:002023-05-11T23:46:49.365-07:00Lope de Vega y la Inquisición española<p style="text-align: justify;"> </p><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJxqSOJwAz50wlZD0Gva-ftf_TBW6qD35UGpFZgyKOcUV-zLn7E5_bMKzU0L2nqeFtyl9IICOBQ6Fzv2t7FLycWEtS2wARwfF5sw4837BI4vul6_dMjwsNioTQuzM7iT3Hd_PL_-RR6NKr/w253-h320/Escudo.png" width="253" /><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-77LwoR5JuWw/TfHU40zPgxI/AAAAAAAAAHI/JlxFMi_o-Pc/w224-h320/grabado+Lope+de+Vega.png" width="224" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-LHu7wJJEugA/TfHUIRkW9ZI/AAAAAAAAAHA/c6YFjABx1fw/s640/Obra+Lope+de+Vega.png" width="276" /></div><br /><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 16pt;">Siento una especial fascinación por<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>Lope de Vega</b>, no sólo por las magníficas obras que escribió, también por la vida que llevó. Pero admito que no me cae particularmente simpático pues fue hombre</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt;">adulador por demás, sobre todo con su protector, el duque de Sessa. Fue, además, hombre que tiraba la piedra y escondía la mano. Hombre que boicoteaba al que despuntaba. Hombre que decidía a su antojo y capricho quién estrenaba obra y quién no. Hombre calculador. Hombre ávido de privilegios. Hombre que profesó amores paternales desiguales. Pero, eso sí, hombre que amó con pasión y escribió a lo grande.</span><br /><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 16pt;">Dicho esto, hablaré de una faceta desconocida para muchos, su pertenencia al<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>Santo Oficio</b>, concretamente fue<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>Familiar</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 16pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 16pt;">Los Familiares del Santo Oficio eran consejeros laicos. La persona que quería optar a tal distinción debía estar casada, ser persona de honor, honrada y de vida intachable. Tenía que ser hijo legítimo y acreditar limpieza de sangre (todos estos requisitos se aplicaban también a la esposa). Una vez acreditadas estas condiciones el solicitante debía presentar poderes firmados por los inquisidores y un notario.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">El papel del Familiar era ayudar a la Inquisición en su relación con las autoridades locales y preparar los autos de fe, e incluso acompañar al reo durante la aplicación de su castigo. También avisaba de actuaciones sospechosas.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 16pt;">Es de suponer que Lope de Vega se hizo Familiar por los beneficios que obtendría socialmente.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 16pt;">Ah, y es de suponer que haría su trabajo… como buen funcionario.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><div style="text-align: right;"><br /></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bibliografía:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><ul style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Caro Baroja, Julio: <i>El señor Inquisidor y otras vidas por oficio</i>. Madrid, Alianza Editorial,1988.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;">Comella, Beatriz: <i>La inquisición española</i>. Rialp, s.a., 1998.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;">Dumont, Jean: <i>Proceso contradictorio a la Inquisición española</i>. Encuentro, 2000.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;">Lázaro Carreter, Fernando: <i>Lope de Vega. Introducción a su vida y obra</i>. Anaya, 1966.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;">Pedraza Jiménez, Felipe B: <i>Lope de Vega, Pasiones, obra y fortuna del “monstruo de la naturaleza”</i>. Edaf, 2009</span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;">Zamora Vicente, Alonso: <i>Lope de Vega. Su vida y su obra</i>. Gredos, 1961.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://cvc.cervantes.es/el_rinconete/anteriores/septiembre_09/08092009_01.htm" target="_blank">http://cvc.cervantes.es/el_rinconete/anteriores/septiembre_09/08092009_01.htm</a></span></li><li><a href="http://www.vallenajerilla.com/berceo/dominguezortiz/familiaresinquisicion.htm" target="_blank">http://www.vallenajerilla.com/berceo/dominguezortiz/familiaresinquisicion.htm</a></li></ul><br />Consuelohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17065612406754802718noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-890172540478026014.post-8562802485334130762023-04-13T03:30:00.002-07:002023-04-13T03:33:47.536-07:00La silla de interrogatorio, un bulo del siglo XIX<p> <span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">La silla inquisitorial, la silla de las brujas o la silla de interrogatorio:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Silla_de_interrogatorio.jpg" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="4128" data-original-width="3096" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUUNXz1DNefQvHSPkRT5pyc7lUjf_p6rCRBqaGNExS9GXlbzxKAu5Jnpfbp9JPh7l1HYA_KzjDOZH1dLMLGQWOucyitRXyRdmTAp0EvaaPSkc34TPjV_71h_26R8k549Viipf81tTD2NxNYikP50k9KPBdy9g1C5dd-fnFdgLUr_qetkNtbCRGjS65yw/w300-h400/Silla_de_interrogatorio.jpg" width="300" /></a></span></div><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;">Otro instrumento adjudicado a
la Inquisición española es la silla con clavos. Por supuesto, es un bulo. Y los ejemplares que se ven en los parques temáticos de la tortura son creaciones de la segunda mitad del siglo XX.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;"></span></p><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 19.26px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Vuelvo a recordar que la Inquisición SOLO usaba el </span><a href="https://twitter.com/alquicel/status/1245988728025370624?s=20" target="_blank">potro, la toca y la garrucha</a><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Este instrumento se cita, por
primera vez, en el libro de </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>Carl Lempens</b> </span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">«Geschichte der Hexen und Hexenprozesse», finales
del siglo XIX, pero que fue publicado en el 2013. En él no hay fuentes y ni datos
que autentifiquen la existencia de la silla.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px;">Más o menos la traducción del alemán de uno de los párrafos sería así:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px;"></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px;"><i>La sospechosa fue colocada en la silla, completamente desnuda, sobre las espinas, y luego atada alrededor del cuello, ninguno y las piernas, para que no pudiera mover un miembro. También había un rodillo pesado, también denso con púas</i>...</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Sobre su autor no se sabe casi
nada (si a alguien le interesa indagar le recomiendo la obra de Wolff
Thyroweski «Von und über König Friedrich II. von Preußen PHILOSOPHIE UND REGENTENPFLICHTEN:
Marginalien aus dem Jenseits zum Gesellschaftsvertrag». <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">En 1983 se publica «Catalog of
the exhibition of torture instruments, 1400-1800: in the Casermetta di Forte
Belvedere, Florence, from May 14 to mid-September, 1983-84», escrito por varios
autores, donde tampoco aparecen fuentes.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-size: 14pt;">E</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">n 1985 Robert Held y Marcello
Bertoni lo publican en castellano: «Inquisición. Instrumentos de tortura desde
la edad media a la época industrial».</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">Es interesante saber que </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">María Amparo Mateo Donet, en
su tesis </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">«Summa supplicia. Escenarios,
formas y acciones de la muerte en los martirios cristianos (I - IV d.C.)» (2014) cita
la existencia de una silla para abrasar a los condenados en la <b>Antigua Roma</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">«Otro mecanismo corriente fue
la <i>cathedra</i> o τήγανον, una silla formada por una lámina donde se abrasaba al condenado.
Aparece empleada como instrumento de tortura en el relato de martirio de la
madre con los siete hijos y en otras referencias de autores de forma general.»<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Recomiendo el artículo de <a href="https://myriobiblon.wordpress.com/2021/02/09/falsos-instrumentos-de-tortura-atribuidos-a-la-inquisicion/" target="_blank">Myriobiblon</a> </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 18.6667px;">sobre la Inquisición</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #3c4043; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Consuelohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17065612406754802718noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-890172540478026014.post-32915904479263659542023-03-28T03:15:00.004-07:002023-03-28T03:21:58.676-07:00Origen del BOTAFUMEIRO<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizkvElzKi6N_P0txtTmimibnvSYzq_vK6GgDOKBe4uPrg5OS10KN2kO3KsQcMD0GB2BGMvHo1qW3E_igxlhrSgRhAPIczSEV-D272Keoow3z8rPt3aLykmdjt9abMoXRrB5yJG-hH8jE17yvAlWbsD1uys7OaDOrsj_1SCdz-zHyBP9O01-o1IYsJ77g/s971/Incensarios.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="889" data-original-width="971" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizkvElzKi6N_P0txtTmimibnvSYzq_vK6GgDOKBe4uPrg5OS10KN2kO3KsQcMD0GB2BGMvHo1qW3E_igxlhrSgRhAPIczSEV-D272Keoow3z8rPt3aLykmdjt9abMoXRrB5yJG-hH8jE17yvAlWbsD1uys7OaDOrsj_1SCdz-zHyBP9O01-o1IYsJ77g/w400-h366/Incensarios.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span face="Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 13.2px;">H. 1280-85. Cantigas de Santa María de Alfonso X el Sabio</span><span><span face="Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 13.2px;">, </span>Biblioteca del Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Madrid (España)<span face="Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 13.2px;"> (detalle) </span></span>(imagen obtenida <a href="https://rbdigital.realbiblioteca.es/s/rbme/item?fulltext_search=cantigas" target="_blank">aquí</a>)</span></div><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">Los
<b>incensarios</b> fueron usados en la Edad Media durante los actos litúrgicos para
adorar a Dios. Seguramente antes de las lamparas se usaban braserillos.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">La quema de resinas aromáticas se hacía desde la Antigüedad: griegos, romanos, hebreos, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">San Isidoro de Sevilla</span></b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> (siglo VI-VII) cita
el incienso y su uso en su obra <b><i>Etimologías</i></b>:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">«2<span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">. El incienso (<i>tus</i>) es
un árbol de Arabia, de enorme corpulencia, dotado de abundantes ramas, de una
corteza muy suave; sus ramas se asemejan a las del arce; destila un jugo aromático
blanco, a manera de almendra, que, cuando se mastica, parece convertirse en
polvo, y cuando se parte, muestra un interior lleno de grasa; puesto en el
fuego, arde fácilmente. Entre nosotros se denomina <i>masculum</i> por su
conformación redonda, a modo de testículos. Existe otro tipo que es plano y
bastante áspero, pero de peor calidad. Se adultera mezclándolo con resina o con
goma, pero se le reconoce por su propiedad, pues el incienso colocado en el
fuego arde, la resina provoca humo, y la goma, al calentarse, se licúa.»</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">«2. La lengua griega da a <i>thymiama</i> (incienso) esta
denominación, por ser olorosa, pues a la flor que produce olor se la llama <i>thymum</i>.
De él dice Virgilio (Georg. 4,169): «Huelen a tomillo». <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">3. El incienso recibe tal nombre porque se consume en el
fuego al ser ofrecido. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">4. <i>Tetraidos</i> es una clase de incienso de forma
alargada que presenta cuatro pigmentos. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">5. <i>Stacten</i> (esencia de mirra) es un incienso que se
destila por presión…»</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">Hubo incensarios de plata colgados en los cruceros. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botafumeiro" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="1211" data-original-width="1600" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAzzA1PFpdSr73WH1X53OMgJ7ujtr5wPhqvxEQ5fPsmP3696edfrBzzTwDD9saQ8yQ1ZPCnd7fKWtf2lYUrXpa_n2pHhJAzW8zrp1u5cRogno-ffn8bRKRLxWbvjaJStzXow22ny0u7jI3Vh61bKUK28Xd1JriHFXGtZUsMooEJd9GkcD9Pj4Cvp6Hyw/w400-h303/Santiago_Catedral_Botafumeiro.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">El<b> botafumeiro</b> de la catedral de Santiago de
Compostela </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">es un gran incensario que tiene función litúrgica y ceremonial.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><b><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_Ferreiro" target="_blank">Antonio López Ferreiro</a></b>,
canónigo de la S.A.I. de Santiago, encontró en el <b>Códice Calixitino</b> </span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 18.6667px;">(</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 18.6667px;">siglo XII</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 18.6667px;">), en un margen, una nota del </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><b>siglo
XIV</b></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"> donde se describe la «carrera» de un incensario. </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">Y se dice que formaba parte del acto litúrgico.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">«nunc decoratur cum Capite Beati Jacobi alphei mire magnitudinis in testis argenti
deaurati cum multis et magnis lapidibus pretiosis in testis et maxime cum magno
turibulo argenteo, a sumitate ecclesie et funibus suspensum per rotas currendo a por tale septentrionali usque a portale meridiano pleno carbonibus incenssis cum ture </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">feriendo in utraque parte sumitatis ecclesie, estante antistite in pontificali cum tota
procesione ut supra»</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2MJZm4YBu5XYnBHKodwDGWdTXwPE8PtDyWcgqX-GVt59zmCoVmDtA4JyX2UHJKw-kzWdVdD6ieEE9deJZfaDsKQk5s2xN8eQRFHt2pRinrKmpw_efaVIPusexbQprr2JQExU45y89uZqqg6KZdkc-U-xyjgJTaua-Xt0MFxQDzXz0OI2LUmy-I9Jydg/s1400/c%C3%B3dice.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1400" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2MJZm4YBu5XYnBHKodwDGWdTXwPE8PtDyWcgqX-GVt59zmCoVmDtA4JyX2UHJKw-kzWdVdD6ieEE9deJZfaDsKQk5s2xN8eQRFHt2pRinrKmpw_efaVIPusexbQprr2JQExU45y89uZqqg6KZdkc-U-xyjgJTaua-Xt0MFxQDzXz0OI2LUmy-I9Jydg/w640-h360/c%C3%B3dice.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">En el <b>siglo XV</b>, Luis XI de Francia dona un pebetero de plata, pero este se coloca en la primera mitad del <b>siglo XVI</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">En general, durante la Edad Media, los peregrinos podían pernoctar </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 18.6667px;">en los santuarios </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">y se acogía a los enfermos. </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Pero antes de entrar en los templos la gente tenía la obligación de lavarse (realizar abluciones) para purificarse. Cuerpo y alma tenían que estar limpios.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">En Santiago de Compostela estaba la «Fuente del Paraíso» donde podían «bañarse» hasta 15 personas.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrIkHCG6wUV8FnnIcSDpDya7pn_UBGP46FzNAigAd2GI6CnF_DxArb9sstfcmNp-VXGRdzyuPkDVs5UxKK19XCCcID8gtWBC3MyxES9bV0np35FHKiOb_6Wzl6G-JV4x9H5I1XKs5smoTdzeFZnEZY3p6D-Xkp9ApkeUjx-wAN8_e-o_FYr6sYVKPQXQ/s1110/Incensario.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1082" data-original-width="1110" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrIkHCG6wUV8FnnIcSDpDya7pn_UBGP46FzNAigAd2GI6CnF_DxArb9sstfcmNp-VXGRdzyuPkDVs5UxKK19XCCcID8gtWBC3MyxES9bV0np35FHKiOb_6Wzl6G-JV4x9H5I1XKs5smoTdzeFZnEZY3p6D-Xkp9ApkeUjx-wAN8_e-o_FYr6sYVKPQXQ/s320/Incensario.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Será <b>Neira de Mosquera</b>,1852,
quien crea el bulo sobre el uso del botafumeiro surgido <i>para purificar el
ambiente de la catedral, corrompido por las veladas de los romeros</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4PLqKZzAbHWmPb4RUvhm-knu-rddPdDNS8wnoVNwypv-czyAvLyCMk35T-Pc1Jwn7bbLLk2NZ8M1rA27gtJWtqjmOryQEnFvjJwwtzTjMFFMBXJZSywnLgbAoNADwo_Hguq8rTv4kwTVaZr_c9TsJC4dFILUL-2vepPxOYgiDAd8O9tQNPefwlx47Ng/s1135/Neira%20de%20Mosquera.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="783" data-original-width="1135" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4PLqKZzAbHWmPb4RUvhm-knu-rddPdDNS8wnoVNwypv-czyAvLyCMk35T-Pc1Jwn7bbLLk2NZ8M1rA27gtJWtqjmOryQEnFvjJwwtzTjMFFMBXJZSywnLgbAoNADwo_Hguq8rTv4kwTVaZr_c9TsJC4dFILUL-2vepPxOYgiDAd8O9tQNPefwlx47Ng/w400-h276/Neira%20de%20Mosquera.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Por tanto, su función era litúrgica y, al mismo tiempo, también aromatizaba el templo. Su uso NO fue para disimular el mal olor de los peregrinos porque no se lavaban ni se bañaban.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Bibliografía:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p><ul><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Julio Vázquez Castro: Un
delirio de grandeza en la Compostela medieval: Haremos un incensario tan grande
que nos tendrán por locos. 2012.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Juan R. Sanmartín Losada: Física
del botafumeiro. 1990.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="http://archivium-sancti-iacobi.blogspot.com/2012/06/botafumeiro-e-incensarios-en-la-edad.html">Archivium Sancti Iacobi: Botafumeiro e incensarios en la Edad Media. (archivium-sancti-iacobi.blogspot.com)</a></span></li><li><a href="https://www.google.es/books/edition/Mobiliario_liturgico/SscWAwAAQBAJ?hl=es&gbpv=1&dq=%E2%80%9Ccon+exactitud+mucho+mayor+que+hasta+ahora+hab%C3%ADa+sido+dable%E2%80%9D&pg=PA174&printsec=frontcover">Mobiliario liturgico - Google Books</a></li></ul><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">
</span></p><p></p>Consuelohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17065612406754802718noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-890172540478026014.post-41112824259765449992023-02-21T03:12:00.013-08:002023-03-28T01:16:04.448-07:00El burro español, NI MEDIEVAL NI ESPAÑOL<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;">Burro español, caballo de madera, caballete </span><span color="windowtext" style="line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nuevamente, tanto en las Redes Sociales como en páginas Web extranjeras y
españolas, podemos leer que el burro o caballete fue usado en España durante la
Edad Media o, ¡cómo no!, por la I</span>nquisición española<span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span><span color="windowtext" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;">Haciendo una búsqueda rápida por Internet caigo en varias páginas inglesas
y... esto escriben sobre dicho instrumento:</span><span color="windowtext" style="line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h1><div><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">--Also known as the wooden horse or the chevalet, the Spanish donkey slowly
cut a woman in half through her genitals. It was used throughout medieval times
and during the Spanish Inquisition.</span></i></span></span></h1><div><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></i></span></span></div>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><i>--Wooden Horse. It’s unclear exactly who invented the torture device,
but it was likely devised by the </i></span><span color="windowtext" style="line-height: 107%;"><i>Spanish Inquisition</i></span><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><i> and used to punish
nonbelievers. Victims were stripped of their clothes and bound before being placed
atop the wooden horse, and they were often tickled and had weights tied to
their feet to exacerbate the agony. They remained on the device until they
could no longer take the excruciating pain — or bled out.</i></span></span></span></h1><div><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><i><br /></i></span></span></span></div>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">--<i>The Wooden Horse was a terrible gem devised by medieval
religious fanatics. One of many favorites during the Spanish Inquisition,
it was mainly used to torture women</i>.</span></span></span></h1><div><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">--<i>The device consisted of a sharp triangular wedge supported by either two
or four legs. The woman would be forced to straddle the pointed end of the
device, which was sometimes covered in spikes (as shown in the above photo), so
that it could slowly cut into the woman’s crotch. Weights were sometimes added
to the victim’s feet to make the triangular edge dig even deeper, eventually
cutting into her organs.</i></span></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span color="windowtext" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Como ya he comentado en otras entradas sobre instrumentos de tortura, la
Inquisición española SOLO usó el </span><a href="https://twitter.com/alquicel/status/1245988728025370624?s=20" target="_blank">potro, la toca y la garrucha</a><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span><span color="windowtext" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h1><div><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">En cuanto a la existencia o no del caballo de madera o </span>chevalet<span style="font-weight: normal;">,
hay que recurrir a obras del siglo XVIII y XIX.</span></span><span color="windowtext" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">El primero en describir el caballo o wooden horse fue </span>Francis
Grose<span style="font-weight: normal;">, en su obra, </span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span color="windowtext" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; line-height: 107%; padding: 0cm;"><a href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=tlVaAAAAYAAJ&pg=GBS.PA106&hl=es" style="font-style: italic;" target="_blank"><span color="windowtext">Military antiquities respecting a history of the
English</span><span color="windowtext"> </span><span color="windowtext">Army</span></a><i> (1786). </i>No hay ningún dato donde se diga que es de origen medieval o que fue usado por la Inquisición española</span></span></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; font-weight: normal;"><span color="windowtext" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; line-height: 107%; padding: 0cm;">:</span></span></h1><div style="text-align: justify;"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">«Montar el caballo de madera
era un castigo antiguamente muy utilizado, en diferentes servicios.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">El caballo de madera estaba
hecho de tablones clavados entre sí, de manera que formaban una cresta o ángulo
agudo de unos ocho o nueve pies de largo; esta cresta representaba el lomo del
caballo; estaba sostenida por cuatro postes o patas, como de seis o siete pies
de largo, colocados sobre un soporte hecho movible por camiones; para completar
la semejanza, se agregaron una cabeza y una cola. La placa anexa dará una idea
mucho mejor de lo que puede transmitirse con palabras.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Cuando un soldado o soldados
eran sentenciados por un consejo de guerra, u ordenados por el oficial al mando
del cuerpo, para montar este caballo, porque ambos se practicaban, se los
colocaba de espaldas con las manos atadas a la espalda, y con frecuencia, para
aumentar el castigo, les amarraron mosquetes a las piernas, para impedir, como
se decía jocosamente, lo derribara a patadas; este castigo se infligía
principalmente a la infantería, que se suponía que no estaba acostumbrada a
cabalgar. Finalmente, se descubrió que montar el caballo de madera lesionaba
materialmente a los hombres y, a veces, los rompía, por lo que se dejó de
hacer. Los restos de un caballo de madera estaban de pie en el desfile en
Portmouth alrededor del año 1760.»</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><i style="font-weight: normal;"><span color="windowtext" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; line-height: 107%; padding: 0cm;"><br /></span></i></span></div>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;"><br /></h1></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcdwz80QiSG9UsOnvuHckCVEhRuar21DTwkOOEIK9HVIbIuEEZNQaHDHtQozHy0dpvRVOJUjllz2GYQwbiYaThOtlDfxqChXK0amz2fdxLddT7xuRXXnOz-d7ibjVbcLzuK2azWM_szn2oahklB7JeZfp0fVLmbQuEEhhrYpAn28xr2-H5E5EN3ND_8Q/s1129/Wooden%20Horse.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="730" data-original-width="1129" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcdwz80QiSG9UsOnvuHckCVEhRuar21DTwkOOEIK9HVIbIuEEZNQaHDHtQozHy0dpvRVOJUjllz2GYQwbiYaThOtlDfxqChXK0amz2fdxLddT7xuRXXnOz-d7ibjVbcLzuK2azWM_szn2oahklB7JeZfp0fVLmbQuEEhhrYpAn28xr2-H5E5EN3ND_8Q/w640-h414/Wooden%20Horse.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></div><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><br /></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">En cuanto a los autores del siglo XIX que he consultado, la mayoría utiliza como fuente la obra de Francis Grose, y
tampoco indican el origen.</span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">A continuación pongo algunos libros de gran interés donde se cita el caballete de madera:</span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span color="windowtext" style="line-height: 107%;">1- Milton Asbury Ryan<span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span></span></span><span color="windowtext" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 107%; text-align: left;">fue un
soldado confederado que estuvo en la prisión de Camp Chase, </span><span color="windowtext" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 107%; text-align: left;">Ohio y relata las condiciones
en el campamento:</span></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span color="windowtext" style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://web.viu.ca/davies/H325%20Civil%20War/Experiences.POW.Confederate.htm" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Experience of a confederate soldier in camp and prison in the civil war, 1861-1865 (1842-1916)</span></a></span></span></h1><div><span color="windowtext" style="line-height: 107%;"><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span color="windowtext" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 107%;">«Algunos de nuestros pobres
muchachos, por una pequeña infracción de las reglas de la prisión, montaban
todos los días lo que llamaban la mula de Morgan. Esa fue una de las
mulas que peor se tuvo. Fue construido siguiendo el patrón de los que usan
los carpinteros. Tenía unos quince pies de alto; las patas estaban clavadas al
escantillón de modo que uno de los bordes afilados estaba hacia arriba, lo que
hacía muy doloroso e incómodo al pobre hombre, especialmente cuando había que
montarlo a pelo, a veces con pesos pesados atados a los pies y a veces con un
gran hueso de res en cada mano. Esta actuación se llevó a cabo bajo la mirada
de un guardia con un arma cargada y se mantuvo durante varios días; cada viaje
duraba dos horas cada día a menos que el tipo se desmayara y cayera por el
dolor y el agotamiento. Muy pocos pudieron caminar después de esta infernal
tortura yanqui...</span><span color="windowtext" style="font-weight: normal;">»</span></span></h1></span></div><div><span color="windowtext" style="line-height: 107%;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>2. Henri
Sanson</b>: <a href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=jOxEzFF6Wo4C&pg=GBS.PA40&hl=es" target="_blank"><i>Los Misterios del Cadalso: memorias de siete generaciones de verdugos</i>
</a>(1688-1847). 1863, escribe que fue un tormento romano, aunque si acudimos a la fuente que nos indica no podemos saber con certeza si hace referencia a este tipo de instrumento:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">El
caballete ó caballo de madera consistia en colocar al paciente á caballo sobre
un madero labrado de modo que formaba un corte ; se le ponian pesas en los piés
á fin de que su cuerpo se clavase en aquel corte . Este castigo se aplicaba
particularmente á los soldados. Era el tormento que los romanos empleaban mas
comunmente; Ciceron habla de él cuando dice: </span></i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Facti in eculeo quæstio est juris in judicio<i>.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><i><a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0011%3Atext%3DMil.%3Achapter%3D21%3Asection%3D57" target="_blank">Nihil ad tortorem: <b>facti</b> enim in <b>eculeo</b> quaestio <b>est</b>,
iuris in iudicio</a></i></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">3. Elbridge Henry Goss</span></b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">, en
su obra sobre la vida de Paul Revere (<a href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=HEtgrZJmu9oC&pg=GBS.PA290&hl=es" target="_blank">The Life of Colonel Paul Revere, Vol. 1,1891</a>) se dice que Thomas Cleverly y Caleb Southward, por jugar a las cartas en
sábado se les condenó a montar un caballo de madera durante un cuarto de hora
con un mosquete en cada pie.<o:p></o:p></span></p></span><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span color="windowtext" style="line-height: 34.24px;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">4.<span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><a href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=nrYIUXoSHiMC&pg=GBS.PA144&hl=es" target="_blank">The Jesuit relations and allied documents: travels and explorations of the Jesuit missionaries in New France, 1610-1791</a><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Vol. 28, 1898, por Jesuits; Thwaites, Reuben Gold, 1853-1913. En esta obra se relata las expediciones de los jesuitas en las colonias francesas en América del Norte durante el siglo XVII, donde se cuenta el uso del chevalet:<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span color="windowtext" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 34.24px;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">«El 12 de febrero llega la noticia de la muerte del padre de Noue; separado de sus compañeros, mientras se dirigía a Fort Richelieu, se pierde y muere congelado en el hielo. El día 15, dos hombres son castigados en el chevalet, o "caballo de madera", uno por blasfemia, el otro por agredir a su compañero; y, más tarde, otro hombre es así castigado por gula.<o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal;">[…].</span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span color="windowtext" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 34.24px;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Febrero de 1646<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 19.26px;">En la noche del martes de carnaval al miércoles de ceniza, algunos hombres del hospital que habían venido a visitar a los de monsieur Couillar, uno de los de monsieur Couillar, llamado Jean le blanc, comenzó a pelear con uno de los del hospital, llamado Jaques. pareja. Cuando estuvieron separados, después de algunos forcejeos y forcejeos, Jean le blanc corrió tras el otro y estuvo a punto de matarlo a golpes con un garrote. Pairieu tenía varios cortes en la cabeza, pero se recuperó de ellos; y Jean le blanc fue condenado a reparar, por la autoridad civil, y a montar el Chevalet.</span><span color="windowtext" style="line-height: 19.26px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span color="windowtext" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 34.24px;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[…]<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span color="windowtext" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 34.24px;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">El día 15, un doméstico de Monsieur Couillar, un blasfemo público, se puso a confesar a la noche o al día siguiente.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span color="windowtext" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 34.24px;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[…]<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span color="windowtext" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 34.24px;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Marzo 1646<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span color="windowtext" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 34.24px;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[…]<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span color="windowtext" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 34.24px;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">El día 10, un Francois y un Huron Oatentak llegaron de los tres ríos trayendo cartas y Chevalet (caballete). Reconoció su falta, diciendo que tenía bien merecido el castigo, y vino por su propia voluntad a confesarse, esa noche o al día siguiente.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span color="windowtext" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 34.24px;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[…]<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span color="windowtext" style="line-height: 34.24px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Chrestiennot actuó en el fuerte como un glotón, que lo subieron al Chevalet, en el que se rompió.»</span></span></span></h1></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</p><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;">5. Alice Morse Earle<span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span></span><span color="windowtext" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-weight: normal; line-height: 107%; padding: 0cm;"><a href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=yNtGAAAAIAAJ&pg=GBS.PA130&hl=es" target="_blank"><i><span color="windowtext">Curious Punishments of BygoneDays</span></i></a><i>,
</i>1907, le dedica un capítulo<i>:</i></span><span color="windowtext" style="line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCjlvkGANvslxkxrT5s-yfAjtoPlM6fEv3e1vcadvBhwyoRj3Y4bPR5FDMyL7iCYChgWbaftRdZ7Gg6QPdu0XbirG7YYW1OalPdBL3dfBPnEyNkwUsBmQSN0sm2eFOsqybcN8YKi-7GH43VedI1I30E3TqsCg1KPkRxkJNamiW5G5hRXG6BJQhl58xGg/s859/Alice%20Earle.jpeg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="859" data-original-width="524" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCjlvkGANvslxkxrT5s-yfAjtoPlM6fEv3e1vcadvBhwyoRj3Y4bPR5FDMyL7iCYChgWbaftRdZ7Gg6QPdu0XbirG7YYW1OalPdBL3dfBPnEyNkwUsBmQSN0sm2eFOsqybcN8YKi-7GH43VedI1I30E3TqsCg1KPkRxkJNamiW5G5hRXG6BJQhl58xGg/w390-h640/Alice%20Earle.jpeg" width="390" /></a></span></p><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;">«<span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Otro castigo común para los soldados (generalmente por disturbios
o por beber) era montar el caballo de madera. </span></span><span color="windowtext" style="line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; line-height: 107%; padding: 0cm;">En
Nueva Amsterdam, el caballo de madera se encontraba entre la calle Paerel y el
Fuerte, y era un poste recto, angosto y horizontal, de doce pies de altura.
Algunas veces, el borde superior de la tabla o poste se afilaba agudamente para
intensificar la crueldad. El soldado fue colocado a horcajadas sobre este
tablero, con las manos atadas a la espalda. A menudo, se amarraba un gran peso
a cada pie, como se decía jocosamente, “para evitar que su caballo lo
derribara. Garret Segersen, un soldado holandés, por robar pollos, montó el
caballo de madera durante tres días, desde las dos hasta el final del desfile, con
un peso de cincuenta libras atado a cada pie, lo que era un castigo severo. En
otros casos, en Nueva Amsterdam, se ató un mosquete a cada pie de los caídos en
desgracia. Un culpable cabalgó con una jarra vacía en una mano y un cántaro en
la otra para mostrar su amor desmesurado por John Barleycorn.</span><span color="windowtext" style="line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; line-height: 107%; padding: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Jan
Alleman, un oficial holandés, desafió valerosamente a Jan de Fries, que estaba
postrado en cama; por este insulto cruel y sin sentido él también fue
sentenciado a montar el caballo de madera y fue destituido. Los regimientos
holandeses en Nueva Holanda eran frecuentemente entrenados y comandados por
oficiales ingleses, y montar el caballo de madera era un castigo favorito en el
ejército inglés; de ahí quizás su prevalencia en los regimientos holandeses.
Grose, en su Historia militar de Inglaterra, da una imagen del caballo de
madera. Muestra una tabla de bordes angostos montada sobre cuatro patas sobre
rodillos y con una cabeza y una cola de forma tosca. Las ruinas de uno seguían
en pie en Portsmouth , Inglaterra , en 1765 . Dice que se abandonó su uso en el
ejército inglés a causa del daño permanente a la salud del culpable que lo
padeció. Se conoce al menos una muerte en América, en la época colonial, en
Long Island, por montar el caballo de madera. Era, por supuesto, aplicado como
castigo en las provincias americanas tanto en las tropas reales como en las
bandas de trenes locales.</span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; line-height: 107%; padding: 0cm;">Un
soldado de Maine, un tal Richard Gibson, en 1670, fue “reclamado por su
peligroso y grosero insulto a su comandante y mal juramento. ” Fue sentenciado
a ser puesto cuello y talones juntos al frente de su compañía durante dos
horas, o a montar en el “Wood-Horse” al frente de la compañía el siguiente día
de entrenamiento en Kittery.</span><span color="windowtext" style="line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; line-height: 107%; padding: 0cm;">En
1661, un soldado de Salem, por algún delito militar menor, fue sentenciado a “montar
el caballo de madera”, y en los días revolucionarios era el castigo favorito en
el ejército continental. En el libro de órdenes llevado por el reverendo John
Pitman durante su servicio militar en el Hudson, son frecuentes las anotaciones
de sentencias tanto para soldados como para presuntos espías, para “montar el
caballo de madera”, o, como a veces se le llamaba, “la yegua de madera”. de
cada frase una modificación del cruel castigo del siglo XVII.</span><span color="windowtext" style="line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; line-height: 107%; padding: 0cm;">Fue
sumamente interesante para mí encontrar, bajo la firme firma de nuestro
familiar héroe revolucionario, Paul Revere, como “Oficial que preside”, el
informe de un consejo de guerra contra dos soldados continentales por jugar a
las cartas en el sábado de septiembre,1776; y saber que, como lo expresó Paul Revere,
“la Corte es de la Opinión de que Thomas Hábilmente monta el Caballo de Madera
por un cuarto de cuarto con un mosquete en cada pie, y que Caleb Southward
Limpia las Calles del Campamento, lo que demuestra que el patriota, supo
templar la justicia tanto con la tierna misericordia como con la ordenada
prudencia. El caballo de madera fue empleado algunas veces como castigo civil.
Los ladrones de caballos fueron así justamente castigados. En New Haven, en
enero de 1787, ocurrió un caso: “El martes pasado, un tal James Brown, una
persona transeúnte, fue llevado ante el tribunal del condado por una denuncia
por robo de caballos; El jueves recibió la sentencia de la Corte, que será
confinado a la meta en este condado 8 semanas, para ser azotado el primer día
15 azotes en el cuerpo desnudo, y puesto una hora en el caballo de madera, y el
primer lunes cada Mes siguiente será azotado diez latigazos y puesto una hora
cada vez en el caballo de madera."</span><span color="windowtext" style="line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;">El caballo de madera fue empleado algunas veces como castigo civil. Los
ladrones de caballos fueron así justamente castigados. En New Haven, en enero
de 1787, ocurrió un caso: “El martes pasado, un tal James Brown, una persona
transeúnte, fue llevado ante el tribunal del condado por una denuncia por robo
de caballos; El jueves recibió la sentencia de la Corte, que será confinado a
la meta en este condado 8 semanas, para ser azotado el primer día 15 azotes en
el cuerpo desnudo, y puesto una hora en el caballo de madera, y el primer lunes
cada Mes siguiente será azotado diez latigazos y puesto una hora cada vez en el
caballo de madera.»</span></span></span></h1><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;">Para terminar, en los parques temáticos de la tortura se muestran <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Osiol_hiszpanski_wisnia6522.JPG" target="_blank">caballos con pinchos</a>, cuya finalidad se me escapa... o no (masoquismo a tope).</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium; line-height: 107%;">Y también hay morbosos que usan un dibujo de <a href="https://cry138.tumblr.com/post/3124244830/bessonov-nicolay-interrogation-of/amp " target="_blank">Nicolay Bessonov</a>. En él aparece una mujer desnuda sobre un
caballo de madera. Esta mujer sería una tal <b>Marie Curlie</b> que vivió en Francia en el <b>siglo XII</b>. Una leyenda o invención que a quien le interese puede buscarla en
Internet. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">Bibliografía:</span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif"><a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0011%3Atext%3DMil.%3Achapter%3D21%3Asection%3D57"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: times;">M. Tullius Cicero, For Milo, chapter 21, section 57
(tufts.edu)</span></a></span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooden_horse_%28device%29"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: times;">Caballo de madera (dispositivo) - Wikipedia, la
enciclopedia libre</span></a></span></li><li><a href="An Historical Account of the British Army: And of the Law Military, as ... - E. Samuel - Google Libros" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: times;">1816</span></a></li><li><a href="https://books.google.es/books?id=IrRCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA754&dq=%E2%80%9CThe+wooden+horse+was+formed+of+planks+nailed+together%22&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiz467p16P9AhW6TKQEHRrEAB8Q6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=%E2%80%9CThe%20wooden%20horse%20was%20formed%20of%20planks%20nailed%20together%22&f=false " target="_blank"><span style="font-family: times;">1816</span></a></li><li><a href="https://books.google.es/books?id=OYMfAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA136&dq=%E2%80%9CThe+wooden+horse+was+formed+of+planks+nailed+together%22&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiz467p16P9AhW6TKQEHRrEAB8Q6AF6BAgEEAI#v=onepage&q=%E2%80%9CThe%20wooden%20horse%20was%20formed%20of%20planks%20nailed%20together%22&f=false" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: times;">1887</span></a></li><li><a href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=DAgbAAAAYAAJ&pg=GBS.PA150&hl=es" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: times;">Sept générations d'exécuteurs
1688-1847, memoires des Sanson mis en ordre </span></a></li><li><h1 style="background: white; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=4LC9uJUa5-IC&pg=GBS.PA152&hl=es" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;">La Mosaïque: revue pittoresque illustrée de tous les temps et de
tous les pays, 1873</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></a></span></h1></li></ul><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></b></p>Consuelohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17065612406754802718noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-890172540478026014.post-73883399328328420242023-01-16T04:27:00.010-08:002023-01-17T01:50:47.575-08:00La SIERRA, otro bulo adjudicado a la Inquisición española<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEvEvPAUNAbI2F87surd8MaZ8TbDXLpE9EPLB7iWXK0iHAj7w-GUTp3vBuHZqiFiIS0vuSL2v0MIRp0DR4iiGzfjkkvxTY_HuUXltcF2v0ByTCBzlSzc_wUJh4mxFeMCelulUP-K5IKeOfcNhZCKz51YRwcE9Gej_8c6AbrXprrSAtrBsXlFHOaR0zWw/s1390/1655-el-martirio-del-profeta-isaias-chrysanthus-de-bursa-1807-pbgyhy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1390" data-original-width="796" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEvEvPAUNAbI2F87surd8MaZ8TbDXLpE9EPLB7iWXK0iHAj7w-GUTp3vBuHZqiFiIS0vuSL2v0MIRp0DR4iiGzfjkkvxTY_HuUXltcF2v0ByTCBzlSzc_wUJh4mxFeMCelulUP-K5IKeOfcNhZCKz51YRwcE9Gej_8c6AbrXprrSAtrBsXlFHOaR0zWw/s320/1655-el-martirio-del-profeta-isaias-chrysanthus-de-bursa-1807-pbgyhy.jpg" width="183" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizaQUdSc3yOwqKCezW2ByXrve6YPIATk5iPPaWvMuDqIXjOfyrUGYJDYV02GWBsnt1yDC2CAzv9DxJ_KlUrzS2gnHZnQ9mHirSmz21X6MBCZCiSMQa9KSEOdMmD5c48o9NQZubab_WFJd2ZV-eCeCdwUQeyBCmZMHhpe0zyina0B8yjH_lTG1lIX3YdQ/s1390/LANDSC~1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1390" data-original-width="876" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizaQUdSc3yOwqKCezW2ByXrve6YPIATk5iPPaWvMuDqIXjOfyrUGYJDYV02GWBsnt1yDC2CAzv9DxJ_KlUrzS2gnHZnQ9mHirSmz21X6MBCZCiSMQa9KSEOdMmD5c48o9NQZubab_WFJd2ZV-eCeCdwUQeyBCmZMHhpe0zyina0B8yjH_lTG1lIX3YdQ/w202-h320/LANDSC~1.JPG" width="202" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;">Profeta Isaías (imágenes obtenidas <a href="https://www.alamy.es/1655-el-martirio-del-profeta-isaias-chrysanthus-de-bursa-1807-image213658535.html" target="_blank">aquí</a>)</span></div></div><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="text-align: justify;">No hay ningún dato de época, y tampoco en fuentes posteriores, que demuestre el uso de la <b>sierra </b>por la </span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Inquisición española</b><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="text-align: justify;"> o por la Iglesia. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="text-align: justify;">Los instrumentos que utilizaron fueron el <b>potro</b>, la <b>toca</b> y la <b>garrucha</b> que sí están recogidos en documentos de época (para saber más sobre cómo funcionaba esta institución pongo este enlace: <a href="https://revisioneshistoricasopusincertum.blogspot.com/2019/01/la-inquisicion-en-el-siglo-xvii.html" target="_blank">La Inquisición en el siglo XVII</a>)</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Haciendo un rastreo sobre personajes
aserrados encontramos lo que escribió <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suetonio" target="_blank">Suetonio,</a> en su obra <i>De vita Caesarum</i>, (año 121 d.C.), sobre las atrocidades que hizo Calígula<span style="color: #0f1419;"> contra aquellos que no le rindiesen el mismo culto que a Júpiter</span>:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;"><i><span style="color: #0f1419;"><a href="https://issuu.com/carlosandueza/docs/suetonio__cayo_-_los_doce_c__sares_" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: medium;">Multos honesti ordinis deformatos prius stigmatum notis ad metalla et munitiones viarum aut medios serra dissecuit, nec omnes gravibus ex causis, verum male de munere suoopinatos</span></a></span></i><span style="color: #0f1419;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRQs1JWEf9kJfjHVQwMyQvaRqOuXmowo_icF7GkkMTcymLa-_g83M7cCY5JkG1FuJHKVLKzL4-5lSPCBb4WmbWMR-PNFSb8DtA13-BQJmngWVOOA6cUkYM1ibMaJwtA7JXWkqtI_UQdlLtQqLMXNmn2umSzkEWdo3-cCVKVElaSpByngRd0z0HyGW91w/s710/sierra2.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="710" data-original-width="482" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRQs1JWEf9kJfjHVQwMyQvaRqOuXmowo_icF7GkkMTcymLa-_g83M7cCY5JkG1FuJHKVLKzL4-5lSPCBb4WmbWMR-PNFSb8DtA13-BQJmngWVOOA6cUkYM1ibMaJwtA7JXWkqtI_UQdlLtQqLMXNmn2umSzkEWdo3-cCVKVElaSpByngRd0z0HyGW91w/w434-h640/sierra2.png" width="434" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #0f1419; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Luego encontramos el martirio del profeta <b>Isaías, </b>que fue representado, profusamente, en miniaturas del <b>siglo XV</b>. El relato de su muerte se encuentra en la </span></span><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1EvCWWglNlUHN92xfFIXY26nmgAhLrU4_wzsviAWJpY4/edit" target="_blank"><i style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Ascensión de Isaías</b></i></a><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #050505; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white;">:</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #0f1419; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #050505; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">E Isaías no
lloró ni grito mientras lo aserraban, sino que hablaba por su boca el Espíritu
Santo, hasta que fue partido en dos</span></span></i><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #050505; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">. </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mart%C3%ADrio_de_Isa%C3%ADas_%28Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Portugal_ALC.455,_fl.229v%29.png " style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="602" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi32JYYH3B4W0WzFB2x4rUbbdqKxvdbfvGCvvSugMXjvQm9QRFDxcaWKRV1vSHlzw88fGA69upewqZnktdSon-XUM84hkr4AJ1mUoWlFh5JaYUeKDp3kjiQYlozIgotxywbsGuMV55Ysr_4L6ty2TsKeNcECNOsfZC2XaCN45M2BhUq3qr6kuSB6iZgTw/w400-h266/Mart%C3%ADrio_de_Isa%C3%ADas_(Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Portugal_ALC.455,_fl.229v).png" width="400" /></a></div><span style="color: #0f1419;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;"><a href="http://ica.themorgan.org/manuscript/page/37/76959" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="584" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfvhoApJ4CHrrb-POVKFd7ObdszZXVBp0Egnm4XCB5h7ftCIN91_XUGlYh8PZIqRgiacclkRTfSJI6RH36e3zEXOrQuHEPIBgTWWRoSYHVqsSdCdaXy13AETmSm7kqjQqIomwclwzq2WeiTQ6J4cdv6-_XJzXN52K4duqS4NoJHZFF_DU2BrLsZ5E6lQ/w389-h400/g42.210ra.jpg" width="389" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://ica.themorgan.org/manuscript/page/3/76888" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="591" data-original-width="474" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEintBymcrsZXV4EjGzI2UeUW3EjN-rJr9mkzN8jqEp3hjnoxC7G-trxEii9dow33EF2JefeXtUK7zB2lUf3iD5Srmn7EFGkkslRsi0U28Ge54DS3UknaKFFOD0G-pys7OXvAbIv5MJC7IjWztDi5tLH8eprR0vfVpo4L9DPqeqExaQmlB2am_DHvqIXvA/w321-h400/Isa%C3%ADas%201500.jpg" width="321" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://prorisa.vsite.biz/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1200" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNgEU6irhVO0pZIHI_JzJUDNhXY1MVj9fEepMKla_oPknO4SlfnrUqAVRns59-5NlRLSCPQH41647fjPN_iMnPTE3YbP4iRfXrf96N6aGpjv00ugk9h342Wypsh80qGq2mMqo3Gg4SHUYmSwe_vP3y8qIroTrFXW-I5sCFz1ceF-KVm2LCddUIpCgVVg/s320/Isa%C3%ADas%202.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">1547. Fresco del monasterio de Dionisio de Monte Athos, Grecia</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">Y luego encontramos a varios santos, que según la tradición cristiana, fueron martirizados con la sierra:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://www.religionenlibertad.com/santo_de_hoy/64124/santa-ferbuta-virgen-companeras-martires.html" target="_blank">Santa Ferbuta</a></b>: </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sacrum_sanctuarium..._Wellcome_L0047714.jpg#/media/File:Illustration_showing_women_being_cut_in_half_Wellcome_L0060831.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="6664" data-original-width="4164" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4NmNOWhwWm3I9RR7URnP2c6OJsuuQm2VEudHAPE1J2YiLVKgbaR35J8dnfUNzXy-BkLpNkFdbl8FrTg96KZzaRuzU40-2ECwaRIWk0T7mthXchtBh7btH9vBRmrPFRUWB5OLQngbB4S2nY3A1GoeNg0DY5IOsSLL0zbnYpuISi2emHn159ZFHbiL7xQ/w400-h640/Santa%20Ferbuta.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #c00000; text-align: justify;"><i>1634. S<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sacrum_sanctuarium_crucis_et_patientiae_crucifixorum_(1634)" target="_blank">acrum sanctuarium cruciset patientiae crucifixorum</a></i></span></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><a href="https://liturgia.mforos.com/2023116/10450765-martirologio-romano-santoral-de-1956-de-ss-pio-xii/" target="_blank">Santa Fausta</a></span></b><span face="Arial, sans-serif">, el Emperador Maximiano mandó a Evilasio aserrarla por la mitad.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">San Quirico: </span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK1m90J7xHS2ITaMf2xz28ujtkMVjm7PKmSgXRD6uamrQA-k8yYMdYcQDLN6CWkvYjImzVhLDd5G0icb1idzSekliGXRDEk4_RMr9I2Tm8TtY_7PtTMLiKPzU0PHsHV0QrLlTrXwblchTrEBNoX--WOS9z3ZtfuL8YdBlKsyu03Z5i_rm7a1kTHoyS9g/s3000/015809-000_087531.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="2688" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK1m90J7xHS2ITaMf2xz28ujtkMVjm7PKmSgXRD6uamrQA-k8yYMdYcQDLN6CWkvYjImzVhLDd5G0icb1idzSekliGXRDEk4_RMr9I2Tm8TtY_7PtTMLiKPzU0PHsHV0QrLlTrXwblchTrEBNoX--WOS9z3ZtfuL8YdBlKsyu03Z5i_rm7a1kTHoyS9g/w359-h400/015809-000_087531.jpg" width="359" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;">Martirio de Santa Julita y San Quirico, <a href="https://www.museunacional.cat/es/colleccio/frontal-de-altar-de-durro/anonim-catalunya/015809-000" target="_blank">Museo Nacional de Arte de Cataluña</a>, Barcelona. España (detalle)</span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #0f1419; font-size: medium;"><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">San Jorge</b><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">:</b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPKEx6QrA8IhCfrtLwnoJHaE_bbpXL74UfCJmYsCt1ghkwoMPc-wnWmTOQWIAQESwQg1Osdg2DOMErIoTK_Wfq4DsFtzOnf0j-2ZwbwWfLyboEKcLhNbpD-t2RwlSrayvga6V0pu6yYdy3hoCftpmqNRupnJ01VUDU6N5mivNsy60hB0KX7AOmjmKDFQ/s400/tabla4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="398" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPKEx6QrA8IhCfrtLwnoJHaE_bbpXL74UfCJmYsCt1ghkwoMPc-wnWmTOQWIAQESwQg1Osdg2DOMErIoTK_Wfq4DsFtzOnf0j-2ZwbwWfLyboEKcLhNbpD-t2RwlSrayvga6V0pu6yYdy3hoCftpmqNRupnJ01VUDU6N5mivNsy60hB0KX7AOmjmKDFQ/w398-h400/tabla4.jpg" width="398" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;">Retablo de San Jorge, Museo Municipal de Jérica, Castellón, España (imagen obtenida <a href="https://jerica.es/museo/index.php/salas-y-exposicion/8-secciones/10-retablo-de-san-jorge" target="_blank">aquí</a>)</span></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #0f1419; font-size: large;">Y <b><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_%28ap%C3%B3stol%29" target="_blank">San Simón</a></b>, el Zelote, que será representado sufriendo este martirio desde el <b>siglo XVI:</b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #0f1419; text-align: center;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cranach,_Lucas_%28I%29_-_Zers%C3%A4gen_des_hl._Simon.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="2717" data-original-width="2115" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-NO59h0ku5DXY7doh8tRafAov0lrMsVLJMDQFc5qYPQX4fimSULrt1WXhNbvouaO9UTmzO5yDE1RrOzoj4E-wfN9s3A55TZKyTdUSONnLmBVK3HC1vgeSWj7ZHmPalkHCSmCHmxQ0_UODDSAO7m6P0dvazUMADjlW_sv_dn36U92CEmz8qu8IItnnWQ/w498-h640/Cranach,_Lucas_(I)_-_Zers%C3%A4gen_des_hl._Simon.jpg" width="498" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span face="var(--font-family-default-latin)" style="background-color: white; font-size: var(--font-size-300); font-weight: var(--font-weight-normal); text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">H. 1512. Lucas Cranach, El viejo</span></span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #0f1419; font-size: large; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitoLwu8RLEM4Jq2fHaS2iJzp2WQsII1kPrBVqzKOcOJynBGauOXRDKykVXzhBlHg1uqZDP8xm1jEanqGC7bbUrB1Qz0XQ43JQlGTgoM8HgipVJJc98bTxTS3f_c-qpRB7-kguPehCLqo3N9bnrmMB2N31ZU81VuKjea_gOb975500M8bZSzJ_wuAsNBg/s1390/el-martirio-de-san-simon-c-1634-1635-2fn92dd.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1390" data-original-width="840" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitoLwu8RLEM4Jq2fHaS2iJzp2WQsII1kPrBVqzKOcOJynBGauOXRDKykVXzhBlHg1uqZDP8xm1jEanqGC7bbUrB1Qz0XQ43JQlGTgoM8HgipVJJc98bTxTS3f_c-qpRB7-kguPehCLqo3N9bnrmMB2N31ZU81VuKjea_gOb975500M8bZSzJ_wuAsNBg/w386-h640/el-martirio-de-san-simon-c-1634-1635-2fn92dd.jpg" width="386" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;">Grabado de 1634-35 (imagen obtenida <a href="https://www.alamy.es/el-martirio-de-san-simon-c-1634-1635-image426156121.html" target="_blank">aquí</a>)</span></div><b style="color: #0f1419; font-size: large;"><br /></b><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="hhttps://museo.getafe.es/omeka/items/show/3025?output=omeka-xml" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="766" data-original-width="1134" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIC9kl9j93-Th7eVtWIBl0t00y_RVbI7VQW3TaRnBncGfsMbqxo70gq05J-5T5M8EWURyAT0xOCUxEb1BSlUSjnj4UefitEPGqeMc1HArLrNaQHenbR1L9ZAI9aI2UMwTpsh5DBYjNCK7w09wsT7b69ZKtdz4aheEPRf78b0M30AvCo_lbuOnkO5a2ew/w400-h270/SanSimon_martirio.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtbIQJNR3rbvcCg1C43EYkM5XtA6D5r7bI7rN6FyIo-9HGHGi7dO4FPlYxSp1J2cUalO4rIWzhGc2-6-yxjgdAWnhYG6dfoDuJ6K0cq_atlzlVI66z9r3ne1TAn9SbQAH3vZ7ZXMP_mwVPgdACHdT4lUR4hOfsyaXb0hYwKL1yRRObIzXcSFN5BXoIpw/s500/sim%C3%B3n.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="334" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtbIQJNR3rbvcCg1C43EYkM5XtA6D5r7bI7rN6FyIo-9HGHGi7dO4FPlYxSp1J2cUalO4rIWzhGc2-6-yxjgdAWnhYG6dfoDuJ6K0cq_atlzlVI66z9r3ne1TAn9SbQAH3vZ7ZXMP_mwVPgdACHdT4lUR4hOfsyaXb0hYwKL1yRRObIzXcSFN5BXoIpw/w268-h400/sim%C3%B3n.jpg" width="268" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;">Imagen obtenida <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/tachidin/15108776835" target="_blank">aquí</a></span></div><br /><span style="color: #0f1419;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://colonialart.org/artworks/4735b" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img alt="" data-original-height="258" data-original-width="195" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh2RD8UU_gcN4sd-cta10rWvscs5hTR9aGVJLIB9eCybBzLmZ3RmX4z6VkaOB7PdXJ14SQT4uVKSu2CLS7aJymEgION1eBvRFU2H00wZWD_m36OBdNR-7qGeaIW_9XezO6-WvLFhwShxENOnmYXnmgzuYTSZwprbKh6zXGPgbmo_88XNuzR38gJKyK6mQ=w302-h400" width="302" /></a></div><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #0f1419;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Por último, la siguiente imagen suele aparecer mucho por las Redes Sociales como prueba de que la sierra fue usada por la Inquisición.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #0f1419;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgcP7HGILg-kKiIcTff_5OE596s2BobHkYSHqsA1O8xqer2YsiaO7-juRtll75MiKq5EY29vgQQJVzPZLtbFi0SfG4UtrhOwCCq8mCiQgiz4Gw3ogBfvwNG5yu_cTu4PJIyForKpEr7ErC1TfImAGmgpPMXWtztDelOSJh6hGvaCANv6PCh675NQn-sFA" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="826" data-original-width="580" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgcP7HGILg-kKiIcTff_5OE596s2BobHkYSHqsA1O8xqer2YsiaO7-juRtll75MiKq5EY29vgQQJVzPZLtbFi0SfG4UtrhOwCCq8mCiQgiz4Gw3ogBfvwNG5yu_cTu4PJIyForKpEr7ErC1TfImAGmgpPMXWtztDelOSJh6hGvaCANv6PCh675NQn-sFA=w282-h400" width="282" /></a></span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #0f1419; line-height: 107%;">Su búsqueda por Internet me
ha llevado hasta unas pocas páginas web donde se dice que la sierra fue usada para ejecutar
homosexuales. Incluso se dice que es un grabado de la obra </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;">S<i>peculum Abominatium en Oculis Domini </i>de Franciscus Grontius o
Franziskus Grotius, del año 1474. Hasta el momento, no he encontrado nada sobre el autor y tampoco sobre la obra. ¿Quién fue, por tanto, el creador de ese dibujo? </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Bibliografía</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">Carlos Espejo Muriel: Penas corporales y torturas en Roma. 1996.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">J.G. Moreno: La pena de muerte en la Roma antigua. 2000.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">Gonzalo Martínez Orfila: ROMA: CRIMEN Y CASTIGO. El Derecho
Penal en Roma. 2020.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">Herbert Spencer: El individuo contra el estado. 1887.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus: De vita Caesarum libri VIII.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">Bronislaw Sitek: Wplyw rzymskiego prawa publicznego na
ustawy municypalne w wietle Tabula Heracleensis i lex Irnitana. Studium
prawno-porównawcze. 2007.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/suetonius-lives_caesars_book_iv_gaius_caligula/1914/pb_LCL031.461.xml?print">https://www.loebclassics.com/view/suetonius-lives_caesars_book_iv_gaius_caligula/1914/pb_LCL031.461.xml?print</a></span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://ec.aciprensa.com/wiki/Isa%C3%ADas">https://ec.aciprensa.com/wiki/Isa%C3%ADas</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascensi%C3%B3n_de_Isa%C3%ADas">https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascensi%C3%B3n_de_Isa%C3%ADas</a></span></li></ul><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">
</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #0f1419;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #0f1419;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #0f1419;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #0f1419;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #0f1419;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #0f1419;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #0f1419;"><br /></span></span></p>Consuelohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17065612406754802718noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-890172540478026014.post-34141022269355216522022-11-09T02:14:00.006-08:002022-11-09T02:24:22.736-08:00Penas del infierno: la mala nodriza<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0-Q1YKL0PaP1dwKWR2ZCBTAOABqkzWxzilVwHqfcm6pxxsacD90AMIm_Fv7Jjv9z63C_kiT5H86QpeOGzIEow-M2LNyRu_m6SCKPEi09iF9IJ6evSj6B6M75yUgCpVq-pFhjmhuw5FN4nh40mGV7nx22vhxnQ62p00eK6ZxBixTo3HfdsGKtMnQ2xrA/s1844/IMG_2447%20MUJER%20serpiente.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1844" data-original-width="1189" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0-Q1YKL0PaP1dwKWR2ZCBTAOABqkzWxzilVwHqfcm6pxxsacD90AMIm_Fv7Jjv9z63C_kiT5H86QpeOGzIEow-M2LNyRu_m6SCKPEi09iF9IJ6evSj6B6M75yUgCpVq-pFhjmhuw5FN4nh40mGV7nx22vhxnQ62p00eK6ZxBixTo3HfdsGKtMnQ2xrA/w413-h640/IMG_2447%20MUJER%20serpiente.JPG" width="413" /></a></i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;">Siglo XII. Sapos. Posiblemente de la iglesia de la colegiata de Armentia (Álava, España) Museo Arqueológico de Madrid, España</span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0f1419; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Penas para las mujeres que se negaron a amantar a bebes huérfanos.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0f1419; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">La <b><i>Visión</i> </b>de Fray
<b><a href="https://kripkit.com/alberico-da-settefrati/" target="_blank">Alberico de Settefrati</a></b>. Hacia 1110.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0f1419; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">El apóstol San Pedro y dos ángeles muestran al fraile los distinto lugares del infierno y los castigos que sufren los pecadores.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; color: #0f1419; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Luego cambié a otro
valle mucho más terrible, lleno de árboles delgados, como palos de sesenta
brazos de largo, todas las partes superiores de las cuales eran como postes muy
afilados y espinosos. De ellos vi a varias mujeres colgadas con senos
perforados, </span></i><i><span style="color: #0f1419; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">y dos serpientes succionando los pechos de cada una de las mujeres. Esas
mujeres, me dijo San Pedro, que eran aquellas que se negaron a amamantar a los
huérfanos o niños privados de sus madres; o que habiendo fingido darles leche,</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;"> en realidad no lo hizo.</span></i><i><span style="color: #0f1419; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"> </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">A menudo</span></i><i><span style="color: #0f1419; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"> s</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">ucede que un huérfano
queda en manos de un</span></i><i><span style="color: #0f1419; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"> </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">pariente que queriendo salvarlo, lo da a</span></i><i><span style="color: #0f1419; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"> </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">las vecinas o a otras
mujeres para ser</span></i><i><span style="color: #0f1419; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"> </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">nutrido; algunas de estas carecen de compasión y</span></i><i><span style="color: #0f1419; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"> </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">se niegan a criarlo.
Otras, como yo tengo</span></i><i><span style="color: #0f1419; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"> </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">mencionado, prometen amamantar,</span></i> <i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">pero en lugar de eso, con engaños, dejaron que el bebé muriera de
hambre. Ya que un bebe solo puede llorar y gemir, los familiares creen que el bebé estaba suficientemente nutrido de leche y, por lo tanto, no
sabe la verdadera causa de su muerte. Estas mujeres no creen que son culpables
ni siquiera confiesan sus pecados a sus sacerdotes; por eso sufren este castigo. </span></i><i><span style="color: #0f1419; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-style: italic; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxI4KqzGymh89NzJUQSl4N1dMc5FpNoLGvbQxAglxBWy1LDwUfXVTfHCgRiBgo66A8ze1F0qhRU_XvXnvcGKefF5E49vkVRbdgbhXWFBxYsDsj7AQiRnqH-5ApEcsT22PUlxdZVFGRgDRxMynbIe2uMI0es5xlQAYDAWgWF5fRt2fjylSRNz9KGmiI-w/s3393/IMG_0805.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3393" data-original-width="1641" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxI4KqzGymh89NzJUQSl4N1dMc5FpNoLGvbQxAglxBWy1LDwUfXVTfHCgRiBgo66A8ze1F0qhRU_XvXnvcGKefF5E49vkVRbdgbhXWFBxYsDsj7AQiRnqH-5ApEcsT22PUlxdZVFGRgDRxMynbIe2uMI0es5xlQAYDAWgWF5fRt2fjylSRNz9KGmiI-w/w310-h640/IMG_0805.JPG" width="310" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Segunda mitad del XII. Serpiente y sapo. Pórtico de Santa María la Real, Sangüesa, Navarra, España</span></span></div><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi365SZOPfIsKvFzDnH6qBG8m8IlEP1N4tWtsm54hBqF1jcnrPByNnh_vMtRAqj_PtKDfLib1y1Tvajb0-3rOkGMtAHUzuT751l37VPbQix6_inqM8WHQmPQdWr53ZxvHR04OO4DPXzK7jygxQgwCK6hxTQQwycbEknXaNo8hulQC14kVuKGOQ5MrxZAQ/s2089/P9200862%20Mujer%20serpientes.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2089" data-original-width="1121" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi365SZOPfIsKvFzDnH6qBG8m8IlEP1N4tWtsm54hBqF1jcnrPByNnh_vMtRAqj_PtKDfLib1y1Tvajb0-3rOkGMtAHUzuT751l37VPbQix6_inqM8WHQmPQdWr53ZxvHR04OO4DPXzK7jygxQgwCK6hxTQQwycbEknXaNo8hulQC14kVuKGOQ5MrxZAQ/w344-h640/P9200862%20Mujer%20serpientes.JPG" width="344" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #990000;">Siglo XIII. Puerta de los
Apóstoles, Catedral de Ávila, España</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.settefrati.net/visioneframe.htm" target="_blank">El texto en italiano.</a></span><div><a href="http://www.settefrati.net/visioneengl-2.pdf" target="_blank">The vision of Alberico.</a></div>Consuelohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17065612406754802718noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-890172540478026014.post-17640443323737305522022-10-19T00:43:00.006-07:002022-10-19T00:44:45.936-07:00III Jornada sobre la leyenda negra. "La Inquisición española"<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">El pasado 1 de octubre del presente año hubo una serie de conferencias, todas ellas interesantísimas, sobre la <b>Inquisición española</b>.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhqYD-L-PV_rdo1C90NqCgcaJK14lJ_EWtkfT-S-DGBxGKY-iaRKhKA0yLWC1H9YGDLE52MjkJ2tkVndM9E2n45wmpOCvvt-HImvFlS_k6vDBlQyy-3EaLDfoz6o6g2VYT7QoCUYuOdhFDG9JcnMtQRbLNNXlAc12SBW4FahSYyoLePHPoM-BfeLUe7jw" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1163" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhqYD-L-PV_rdo1C90NqCgcaJK14lJ_EWtkfT-S-DGBxGKY-iaRKhKA0yLWC1H9YGDLE52MjkJ2tkVndM9E2n45wmpOCvvt-HImvFlS_k6vDBlQyy-3EaLDfoz6o6g2VYT7QoCUYuOdhFDG9JcnMtQRbLNNXlAc12SBW4FahSYyoLePHPoM-BfeLUe7jw=w464-h640" width="464" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p></p><h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">-Desentrañando la Inquisición:
Ricardo García Cárcel, José Martínez Millán y Jesús G. Calero.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/PPFXMutZ2CU" width="320" youtube-src-id="PPFXMutZ2CU"></iframe></div><br /><p></p><h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">-Autos de fe: Alfredo
Alvar Ezquerra, Fco. García del Junco y Vicente Glez Olaya.</span></span></h2><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/yu0_PlJEK9A" width="320" youtube-src-id="yu0_PlJEK9A"></iframe></div><div><span style="font-weight: normal;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></span></div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">-Brujería, religión e
Inquisición: Elvira Roca Barea, Jaime Contreras y María José Solano:</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h2></div><div><span style="font-weight: normal;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ty7YKvBWwqo" width="320" youtube-src-id="Ty7YKvBWwqo"></iframe></div></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div><h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">-La Inquisición en América: Úrsula
Camba, Fco. Javier Sáenz y David Jiménez.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h2></div><div><span style="font-weight: normal;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Yrecvo_qU-c" width="320" youtube-src-id="Yrecvo_qU-c"></iframe></div><br /></span><h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">-Iván Vélez y Javier Santamarta: La
Inquisición en imágenes.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h2></div><div><span style="font-weight: normal;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/KdHEqpg5Ews" width="320" youtube-src-id="KdHEqpg5Ews"></iframe></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><br /></div><h1 class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background: rgb(249, 249, 249); border: 0px; color: #030303; display: -webkit-box; line-height: 2.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 5.6rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-overflow: ellipsis; word-break: break-word;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></h1><h1 class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background: rgb(249, 249, 249); border: 0px; color: #030303; display: -webkit-box; line-height: 2.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 5.6rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-overflow: ellipsis; word-break: break-word;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata" force-default-style=""><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></yt-formatted-string></h1><h1 class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background: rgb(249, 249, 249); border: 0px; color: #030303; display: -webkit-box; line-height: 2.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 5.6rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-overflow: ellipsis; word-break: break-word;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata" force-default-style=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></yt-formatted-string></h1>Consuelohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17065612406754802718noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-890172540478026014.post-91668891924691295022022-09-08T00:38:00.003-07:002022-09-12T02:35:26.649-07:00BEATRIZ BERNAL<p><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="background: white; color: #14171a; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 21.4667px; text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="background: white; color: #14171a; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 21.4667px; text-align: justify;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="820" data-original-width="595" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0UBzg1mNIGRKSY0JG9yuTOW6eQQlK-GCtPz0fMDUVi1gdqCb4DO80yJgIY0Q1FkAKcu3455SdFrp9yOG3S-4IWsnyPVjICUjuB7rwVDL83OvdM99eYZK3CbWJ66q_X-x1P64m2_YrRlfN/w464-h640/BERNAL.jpg" style="color: black; font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center;" width="464" /></span></p><p><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="background: white; color: #14171a; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 21.4667px; text-align: justify;"><b>Beatriz Bernal</b> nace en Valladolid en </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #14171a; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; text-align: justify;">1501/1504 y muere en esta misma ciudad posiblemente en 1562.</span></p><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #14171a; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Se dice de ella que es la primera novelista española.</span><br /><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #14171a; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><br /></span><br /><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;">Formada intelectualmente, debió de ser una gran lectora.</span></div></div><div><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="background: white; color: #14171a; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 21.4667px;">Escribió </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #14171a; font-size: 18.6667px; letter-spacing: 0.266667px;">un libro de caballería titulado </span><a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obras/autor/bernal-beatriz-19511" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">«Don Cristalián de España. Historia de los invitos y magnánimos cavalleros donCristalián de España príncipe de Trapisonda y del infante Luzescanio su hermano, hijos del famosíssimo emperador Linde del de Trapisonda»</a><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: #14171a;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 18.6667px; letter-spacing: 0.266667px;">. </span></span><br /><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: #14171a;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 18.6667px; letter-spacing: 0.266667px;"><br /></span></span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #14171a; font-size: 18.6667px; letter-spacing: 0.266667px;">En 1537 solicita licencia para que se lo publiquen. El Consejo real pide a </span><b style="color: #14171a; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.6667px; letter-spacing: 0.266667px;">Bernabé del Busto</b><span style="background-color: white;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: #14171a;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; letter-spacing: 0.266667px;">, criado de la Casa Real de Carlos V y maestro erasmista, su opinión. Parece ser que le gusta pero escribe lo siguiente:</span></span></span><br /><span style="background-color: white;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: #14171a;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; letter-spacing: 0.266667px;"><br /></span></span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="167" data-original-width="715" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuSZ77WUQQhwr0ajdTAS3fu_2a7AbU8S1wKiP-xWxclDhnXGsQKYLpnIbz9S61GrHeI5N3gkPLWwGbCBEqEZ4hRgHCPC5lbtR3RQE8qSG2Kf6Jpu8cg6HouhyoU2Jhccb9GfZaIFjkEoVR/s640/BUSTO.png" width="640" /></div><span style="background-color: white;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: #14171a;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; letter-spacing: 0.266667px;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: #14171a;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; letter-spacing: 0.266667px;">Será en 1545 cuando por fin se publique tras, posiblemente, problemas burocráticos. </span></span></span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #14171a; font-size: 18.6667px; letter-spacing: 0.266667px;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: #14171a;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 18.6667px; letter-spacing: 0.266667px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: #14171a;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 18.6667px; letter-spacing: 0.266667px;">En esta la primera edición el impresor escribe: </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><br /></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;">«<i>una señora natural de la noble y más leal villa de Valladolid</i>»<o:p></o:p></span></div><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;"><div><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div>«</span><i style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;">por ser una persona de frágil sexo</i><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;">»</span><br /><br /><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;">En la edición de 1587 ya aparece su nombre: </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;">«por doña Beatriz Bernal, natural de la muy noble villa de Valladolid».<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;">Se edita también en 1609.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;">Se tradujo al italiano en 1558.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br /></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"">Bibliografía:</span></div><br /><div class="MsoNoSpacing"></div><ul><li>Gagliardi, Donatella: Urdiendo ficciones: Beatriz Bernal, autora de caballerías en la España del XVI.</li><li>Gonzalo Sánchez - Molero, José Luis: El Erasmismo y la educación de Felipe II (1527-1557). Tesis.</li><li>Marín, María Carmen: Lectoras y lecturas caballerescas: Beatriz Bernal y Cristalián de España</li><li>Ortiz Hernán Pupareli, Elami: Los mil rostros del amor en Cristalián de España frente a otros libros de caballerías hispánicos.</li><li>https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatriz_Bernal</li></ul><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"></span></div><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><br /></span></div>Consuelohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17065612406754802718noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-890172540478026014.post-4118384792935462282022-07-27T00:45:00.003-07:002022-09-08T00:40:41.888-07:00INÉS SALCILLO<p> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 16pt;">Inés Salcillo</span></b><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">, estofador y dorador. </span></p><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Hermana del escultor Francisco Salcillo (1707-1783) aprendió a dibujar y a dar colorido a la edad de diez años. Doró y estofó, hacia 1732 (con quince años) hasta que se casó en 1748, las imágenes que se realizaban en el taller familiar, y por lo tanto los que realizaba Francisco. Se le consideró uno de "los" mejores artistas en estas disciplinas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-pKmcrbxIG0E/TqeyBha3u9I/AAAAAAAABWg/eUt5eQeU6Pc/s1600/F.+Salcillo%252C+Dolorosa.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-pKmcrbxIG0E/TqeyBha3u9I/AAAAAAAABWg/eUt5eQeU6Pc/s320/F.+Salcillo%252C+Dolorosa.jpg" width="197" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> <span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><span style="color: #990000;">Dolorosa, Francisco Salcillo, 1733, Iglesia de Santa Catalina, Murcia. Estofado por Inés Salcillo</span></span></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="376" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4HfDEv1p8mQ/TqewzabZwjI/AAAAAAAABWg/pWFpC9jWY54/s640/Dolorosa%252C+F.+Salcillo.jpg" width="400" /></div><br /><br /><br /><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><span style="font-size: large;">Video sobre la técnica del estofado:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/Uh8utVFB7oU?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;"><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Bibliografía:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"></div><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Moreno, José Sánchez: <b>Vida y obra de Francisco Salzillo: (una escuela de escultura en Murcia)</b>. Editora Regional de Murcia, Colección Arte/3, 2ª edición, 1983.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Muñoz López, Pilar: <b>Mujeres españolas en las artes plásticas</b>. Departamento de Pintura de la Facultad de Bellas Artes de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid. 2007.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Pardo Canalís, Enrique: <b>Francisco Salzillo</b>. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto “Diego Velázquez”, Madrid. 1983.</span></div></div>Consuelohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17065612406754802718noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-890172540478026014.post-89327319058602874182022-03-09T02:45:00.003-08:002022-03-09T02:54:18.331-08:00TERESA SARMIENTO DE LA CERDA<p> </p><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: normal; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative;">TERESA SARMIENTO DE LA CERDA</h3><div class="post-header" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 10.8px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em;"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-2965158067553334325" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; line-height: 1.4; position: relative; width: 680px;"><br /><div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: justify;"><b><span face="arial, "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 16pt;">Doña Teresa Sarmiento de la Cerda</span></b><span face="arial, "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 16pt;">, duquesa de Béjar y de Mandas, fue alumna de pintura y dibujo de <b>fray Juan Ricci</b> (Madrid, 1600-Montecassino, Italia, 1681; monje benedictino, pintor, arquitecto y tratadista español). </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 21.3333px;"><br /></span></span><span face="arial, "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 16pt;">Según cuenta <b>José García Hidalgo</b>, artista de la época, doña Teresa realizó obras religiosas para algunos oratorios de la Corte de finales del <b>siglo XVII</b>. Y <b>Antonio Palomino</b> (pintor y primer biógrafo y crítico de pintura) destacaba una <b>Virgen en cristal</b> “<i>con harto primor</i>”. </span><br /><span face="arial, "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 16pt;">De ella no tenemos retrato ni obra conocida. Una lástima. Pero su interés por instruirse y como mecenas le hace digna de una reseña en esta entrada.</span><span face="arial, "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 13.2px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br /><div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: justify;"><span face="arial, "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 16pt;">A su maestro le encargó realizar un obra escrita en la que abarcara varias disciplinas. Este publicó entonces el <b>Tratado de la Pintura Sabia</b><span style="color: #1a1818;"> (en la Fundación Lázaro Galdiano, Madrid)</span>, escrita en castellano, griego, hebreo, francés, italiano y alemán. En él podemos observar los estudios que el benedictino realizó sobre geometría, perspectiva y anatomía. Y su especial interés por el sistema circulatorio, el nervioso, así como por la estructura ósea, los órganos digestivos y los órganos genitales del ser humano. Fueron simples apuntes de la obra “<i><span style="color: #1a1818;">Historia de la composición del cuerpo humano”</span></i> escrita por el médico y anatomista español <b>Juan <span style="color: #1a1818;">Valverde de Hamusco</span></b><i><span style="color: #1a1818;">,</span></i><span style="color: #1a1818;"> editada en Roma en 1556 (Amusco, Palencia, H.1525 - Roma, H.1587) que a su vez se basó en las imágenes de "<i>De humani corporis fabrica</i>" de 1543 de <b>Andreas Vesalius</b></span></span><span face="arial, "sans-serif""> </span><span face="arial, "sans-serif"" style="color: #1a1818; font-size: 16pt;">(Bruselas, 1514 – Zante, Grecia, 1564).</span><span face="arial, "sans-serif""><o:p></o:p></span></div><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_T57xCOaDBk/TykSLs6xqMI/AAAAAAAABWg/KY9HrB0d9gg/s1600/Fray+Juan+Ricci.jpg" style="color: #083e7d; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_T57xCOaDBk/TykSLs6xqMI/AAAAAAAABWg/KY9HrB0d9gg/s640/Fray+Juan+Ricci.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="422" /></a></div><div align="center" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody><tr><td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 3pt 4.5pt 4.5pt;"><span face="arial, "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #990000;">Grabado, Tratado de la Pintura Sabia, 1655, fray Juan Ricci</span></span><span style="color: #1a1818; font-family: "times new roman", "serif"; font-size: 16pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman", "serif"; font-size: 9.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span face="arial, "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 16pt;"><a href="http://opusincertumhispanicus.blogspot.com/2012/02/cuando-la-mujer-es-digna-de-estudio.html" style="color: #083e7d; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue;">Grabados comparativos sobre la mujer entre humanistas.</span></a></span><span face="arial, "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: right;"><br /></div><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span face="arial, "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt;">Bibliografía:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"></div><ul style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;"><li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span face="arial, "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><span face="arial, "sans-serif"" style="color: #1a1818; font-size: 12pt;">García López, David: La teoría artística de Fray Juan Ricci. El pintor Fray Juan Andrés Rizi (1600-1681): Las órdenes religiosas y el arte en La Rioja. Jornadas de Arte y Patrimonio Regional. Coord. por Ignacio Gil-Díez Usandizaga, 2000.</span></div></li></ul><ul style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;"><li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span face="arial, "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt;">García López, David: La Pintura Sabia y los manuscritos italianos de fray Juan Ricci. A vueltas con lo salomónico. Goya: Revista de arte, ISSN 0017-2715, Nº 286, 2002.</span></div></li><li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span face="arial, "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt;">García López, David: La IX duquesa de Béjar doña Teresa Sarmiento y el monasterio de franciscanas de la Purísima Concepción de Caballero de Gracia. Las mujeres y la práctica de la pintura en la España del siglo XVIII. 2011.</span></div></li></ul><ul style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;"><li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span face="arial, "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt;">Tormo y Monzó, Elías y Gusi, Celestino: La vida y la obra de Fray Juan Ricci. Edición preparada por E. Lafuente Ferrari, Madrid, 1930.</span></div></li></ul></div>Consuelohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17065612406754802718noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-890172540478026014.post-80848527829269101322021-10-28T03:21:00.004-07:002022-02-24T03:15:46.417-08:00Inocencio VIII y la leyenda del Papa vampiro<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7y2FIcyXTfMzGevIRHZoRLn4ZxBptDVuRcWKsuec21JGvZ7UTqTErniPabghDRlx_SLM3QVroC95oc0JKPLUW1Ex_sm4Z-8nPn2LfLdnNHteFRknkgdXOhVTTpNVKMybZWGDATpU1IQ_b/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1596" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7y2FIcyXTfMzGevIRHZoRLn4ZxBptDVuRcWKsuec21JGvZ7UTqTErniPabghDRlx_SLM3QVroC95oc0JKPLUW1Ex_sm4Z-8nPn2LfLdnNHteFRknkgdXOhVTTpNVKMybZWGDATpU1IQ_b/w312-h400/Innocent_VIII_1492.jfif" width="312" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Del <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inocencio_VIII" target="_blank">Papa Inocencio VIII</a>,
siempre con achaques, se dice que buscó desesperadamente remedios para mejorar
su salud. Entre estos remedios estaría el beber leche materna directamente del
pecho de una nodriza (relato para los adictos a las fantasías sexuales) y que bebió
sangre de niños. El resultado fue la muerte de los tres niños y del mismo papa (relato
para los adictos de lo macabro o de la brujería; recordemos que Inocencio VIII promulgó
la bula <i>Summis desiderantes affectibus</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">La leyenda vendrá «gracias»
al cronista <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_Infessura" target="_blank">Stefano Infessura</a> y al humanista y médico <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" target="_blank">Marsilio Ficino</a> (1433-1499).
<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;"><b>Infessura</b> (h. 1435 - h.
1500) escribe en su obra </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">Diarium urbis Romae </i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1492) que un médico
judío propuso cambiar la sangre vieja del papa por la de tres niños de diez años. Infessura</span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">
</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">tuvo una fuerte animadversión hacia los papas (era partidario de derrocar
el poder papal y fue, además, partidista a la familia Colonna) y hacia los judíos, que por esas fechas se decía que realizaban infanticidios para obtener
sangre (entre los investigadores no se considera a Infessura un cronista fiable). </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">«<i>Mientras tanto, la ciudad no dejó de
sufrir padecimientos y muertes; primero, de tres niños de diez años de edad,
por venas cortadas por cierto médico judío para restaurar la salud del papa,
según prometió, muriendo en el acto. El judío había dicho que iba a curar al
pontífice, si obtenía cierta cantidad de sangre humana y joven; la extrajo de
los tres muchachos a cuyas familias se había pagado un ducado para autorizar la
donación; y poco más tarde el papa moriría. El judío escapó, y el papa no sanó</i>».<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">En la obra también difama la figura de Lucrecia y registra los chismes, ciertos o no, que ocurrían en Roma.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFIObD1Uscl0pw8q0hyphenhyphenCuhpG7XhkOmRmMOQEZC6OU4lp4Bpj-WSWwU0IfYnSiUQ_xh07i31ZseoZH0EiOJzaFaHc1uK2eJi0Ahxx6XVAdKsVRncpNqzaSQid4MJ_gH3Mmj1TIhxagdtpaI/s1600/Inocencio+VIII+bis.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1336" data-original-width="1600" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFIObD1Uscl0pw8q0hyphenhyphenCuhpG7XhkOmRmMOQEZC6OU4lp4Bpj-WSWwU0IfYnSiUQ_xh07i31ZseoZH0EiOJzaFaHc1uK2eJi0Ahxx6XVAdKsVRncpNqzaSQid4MJ_gH3Mmj1TIhxagdtpaI/s320/Inocencio+VIII+bis.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">No hay rastro en ninguna otra fuente
contemporánea que relate lo acaecido (por ejemplo, en «<i>Diarium, sive rerum
urbanarum commentarii</i>» (1483-1506) de Johannis Burchardi). Ni siquiera se
sabe el nombre del médico judío, aunque </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacalyn_Duffin" target="_blank">Jacalyn Duffin</a> en «History of medicine: a scandalously
short introduction» (1999), elucubra que podría ser el médico personal, judío converso, del
papa, <a href="https://books.google.es/books?id=0Sz2VYI0l1IC&pg=PA557&lpg=PA557&dq=%22Giacomo+di+San+Genesio%22&source=bl&ots=4ARp0w7-sL&sig=ACfU3U2KmK7sFPNhX1s-wR8LEbVJoFWCZw&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyoPWa5uzzAhVsAGMBHWs8Cdg4HhDoAXoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=%22Giacomo%20di%20San%20Genesio%22&f=false" target="_blank">Giacomo di San Genesio</a>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">En el siglo XIX, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Pastor " target="_blank">Ludwigvon Pastor</a>, en la obra <em>Historia de los papas desde finales de la Edad
Media, </em>escribe: «<i>Stefano Infessura cuenta que el médico judío de
Inocencio VIII hizo degollar a tres criaturas de unos diez años, presentando al
Papa la sangre obtenida como único medio de conservar su vida. Como fuera que
el Papa rechazó la sangre, el malvado médico se dio a la fuga. Si esta historia
fuese cierta, se obtendría un dato importante para probar que los judíos usaban
sangre humana con fines medicinales. Pero los despachos de la embajada de los
agentes mantuanos, todavía inéditos y que examiné personalmente, no dicen nada
semejante. Ni siquiera en la crónica de Valori se menciona este hecho. Un
cronista que anota exactamente lo que el Papa tomó como medicina (Cfr. Thuasne,
I, 571) seguramente no habría olvidado de ningún modo un expediente médico tan
horrible</i>.»<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.alamy.es/marsilio-ficino-1433-1499-erudito-y-filosofo-renacentista-italiano-image352344768.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="508" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYpIQ_fsKsbNDzEYKhwxviq4JQwNpBMz_TiWsqPD5fV0RUTmn2Cq8D4GMmPCwiNgAlbDN3IttESq7oQj1j0vCY9yoHq15TOwzI3t9TQ1oNehyphenhyphenRKSHQUyjxs7p8ssBd1fsTPP2f7nRZuKZ-/s320/Ficino.png" width="226" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">En
cuanto a <b>Ficino</b>, en su obra <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_vita_libri_tres" target="_blank">De vita libri</a> </i>(1489), mezcla psicología, higiene,
farmacología y astrología, y en el Libro II (<i>De vita longa</i>) escribe sobre
la longevidad con recetas para revitalizar a estudiantes que envejecen y para
hombres de más de sesenta años. Entre estas recetas están la de chupar la leche de
una joven “sana, bella, alegre y templada” y la sangre de un joven
"dispuesto, sano, feliz y templado" (en este blog podemos leer una
parte muy interesante del </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><a href="https://belosticalle.blogspot.com/2011/11/inocencio.html" target="_blank">Libro II: Longevidad. Cap. 11: Uso de leche y sangre humanas para revitalizar a losancianos</a>).</span></i><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Ya tenemos, por tanto, </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">construida</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> la leyenda.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Bibliografía:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p><ul><li><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://ec.aciprensa.com/wiki/Stefano_Infessura" target="_blank">Aciprensa</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://es.catholic.net/imprimir.php?id=65263" target="_blank">Catholicnet</a></span></li><li>Vittorio Messori: Leyenda negras de la Iglesia, 2004.</li><li><a href="https://chrismielost.blogspot.com/2011/05/los-borgia-historia-de-una-leyenda_24.html" target="_blank">Los Borgia, historia de una leyenda.</a></li><li><a href="http://it.knowledgr.com/00208027/StefanoInfessura " target="_blank">Stefano Infessura</a></li><li><a href="https://wikitoshare.com/es/Stefano_Infessura" target="_blank">Stefano Infessura</a></li><li>Sara Locci: La correspondencia entre Isabella d’Este y
Lucrezia Borgia: Arte, piedad y linaje en las cortes del Renacimiento Italiano,
2015.</li><li>Luigi Steffatti: «Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria», XXXVIII (1908)</li><li>Giornale degli eruditi e dei curiosi, Volúmenes 3-5.</li><li><a href="https://urbatorium.blogspot.com/2015/11/la-siniestra-muerte-del-papa-inocencio.html" target="_blank">La siniestra muerte del papa Inocencio</a></li><li>Jorge Alejandro Ricaldoni: Los lobos de Roma.</li><li><a href="La santidad de la sangre: una antigua controversia — Watchtower ONLINE LIBRARY (jw.org) " target="_blank">La santidad de la sangre: una antigua controversia.</a></li><li>Cynthia Skenazi: Aging Gracefully in the Renaissance Stories
of Later Life from Petrarch to Montaigne, 2013.</li></ul><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a name="CollegamentiEsterni"></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"></div>Consuelohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17065612406754802718noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-890172540478026014.post-83779357075265699632021-06-17T00:59:00.005-07:002022-04-19T00:11:13.862-07:00Basura que pulula por las Redes Sociales: EN LOS AÑOS 1600 Y 1700...<p> </p><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:After_van_Eyck_Woman_at_Her_Toilet_(MA).jpg" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="305" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg6pzlkqI_-kB67OzrSc5bSuCelg7g8_u-jNrwaWnmFc5PtrkpFOmT3ikPVbYxuvToJQi0KaHuvBxSZtNFaCFErDMU0UJ6vwbdY-7nH52buj2GtbbBJfvoMweIdV-u6SB5aEr73kAU4GtJ/w382-h640/Higiene+toalla.jpg" width="382" /></a></div><p></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #0f1419; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;">Vamos a desmontar un texto que anda pululando por Internet y por
las RRSS desde hace meses. Texto lleno de bulos y memeces.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">«¿SABIAS
QUE..?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">EN LOS AÑOS
1600 Y 1700<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Al visitar
el Palacio de Versalles en París, se observa que el suntuoso palacio no tiene
baños.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">En la Edad
Media, no había cepillos de dientes, perfumes, desodorantes, y mucho menos
papel higiénico. Los excrementos humanos eran lanzados por las ventanas del
palacio.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">En un día de
fiesta, la cocina del palacio pudo preparar un banquete para 1500 personas, sin
la más mínima higiene. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">En las
películas actuales vemos a las personas de esa época sacudirse o abanicarse... <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">La
explicación no está en el calor, sino en el mal olor que emitían debajo de las
faldas (que fueron hechas a propósito para contener el olor de las partes
íntimas, ya que no había higiene). Tampoco era costumbre ducharse debido al
frío y la casi inexistencia de agua corriente. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Solo los
nobles tenían lacayos para abanicarlos, para disipar el mal olor que exhalaban
el cuerpo y la boca, además de ahuyentar a los insectos.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Los que han
estado en Versalles han admirado los enormes y hermosos jardines que, en ese
momento, no solo se contemplaban, sino que se usaban como retrete en las
famosas baladas promovidas por la monarquía, porque no había baños.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">En la Edad
Media, la mayoría de las bodas se realizaban en junio (para ellas, el comienzo
del verano). La razón es simple: el primer baño del año se tomaba en mayo; así
que en junio, el olor de la gente todavía era tolerable. Sin embargo, como
algunos olores ya comenzaban a molestar, las novias llevaban ramos de flores
cerca de sus cuerpos para cubrir el hedor. De ahí la explicación del origen del
ramo de novia.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Los baños se
tomaban en una sola bañera enorme llena de agua caliente. El jefe de la familia
tenía el privilegio del primer baño en agua limpia. Luego, sin cambiar el agua,
llegaban los demás en la casa, en orden de edad, mujeres, también por edad y,
finalmente, niños. Los bebés eran los últimos en bañarse. Cuando llegaba su
turno, el agua en la bañera estaba tan sucia que era posible matar a un bebé
adentro. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Los techos
de las casas no tenían cielo y las vigas de madera que los sostenían eran el
mejor lugar para que los animales: perros, gatos, ratas y escarabajos se
mantuvieran calientes. Cuando llovía, las filtraciones obligaban a los animales
a saltar al suelo. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Los que
tenían dinero tenían platos de lata. Ciertos tipos de alimentos oxidaban el
material, causando que muchas personas mueran por envenenamiento. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Recordemos
que los hábitos higiénicos de la época eran terribles. Los tomates, siendo
ácidos, se consideraron venenosos durante mucho tiempo, las tazas de lata se
usaban para beber cerveza o whisky; esta combinación, a veces, dejaba al
individuo "en el piso" (en una especie de narcolepsia inducida por la
mezcla de bebida alcohólica con óxido de estaño). Alguien que pasara por la
calle pensaría que estaba muerto, así que recogían el cuerpo y se preparaba
para el funeral. Luego se colocaba el cuerpo sobre la mesa de la cocina durante
unos días y la familia se quedaba mirando, comiendo, bebiendo y esperando a ver
si el muerto se despertaba o no. De ahí la que a los muertos se les vela
(velatorio o velorio), que es la vigilia al lado del ataúd.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Inglaterra
es un país pequeño, donde no siempre había lugar para enterrar a todos los
muertos. Luego se abrían los ataúdes, se extraían los huesos, se colocaban en
osarios y la tumba se usaba para otro cadáver. A veces, al abrir los ataúdes,
se notaba que había rasguños en las tapas en el interior, lo que indicaba que
el hombre muerto, de hecho, había sido enterrado vivo.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Así, al
cerrar el ataúd, surgió la idea de atar una tira de la muñeca del difunto,
pasarla por un agujero hecho en el ataúd y atarla a una campana. Después del
entierro, alguien quedaba de servicio junto a la tumba durante unos días. Si el
individuo se despertaba, el movimiento de su brazo haría sonar la campana. Y
sería "salvado por la campaña", una expresión utilizada por nosotros
hasta hoy.»<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #0f1419; font-size: 14pt;">1 - Para empezar, el siglo XVII es Edad Moderna (para algunos historiadores empieza en 1492 y para otros, en 1453).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">2 - En la Edad Media había
"cepillos de dientes", se hacían con palos deshilachados y mondadientes. La <a href="https://opusincertumhispanicus.blogspot.com/2017/04/la-higiene-dental.html" target="_blank">higiene dental</a> en todas las épocas ha sido una preocupación constante. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOabUP419B0GCPQ28xKCKWPrFrb2me0jWtLswtBvg4cL-hg-MYITuPMr676Yp6drS82M1vNDrISmhuVyTy2E42e11ZGauSHErqOWDovwsKp7IQ_fq4cUZVci2KwVwDJMQfudK_0o5LLn59/s320/Higiene.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="320" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOabUP419B0GCPQ28xKCKWPrFrb2me0jWtLswtBvg4cL-hg-MYITuPMr676Yp6drS82M1vNDrISmhuVyTy2E42e11ZGauSHErqOWDovwsKp7IQ_fq4cUZVci2KwVwDJMQfudK_0o5LLn59/w400-h328/Higiene.png" width="400" /></a></div><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Recomiendo ver este vídeo: </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E7iaJNOUvvc" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.6667px;" target="_blank">La salvaje Edad Media.</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Había desodorantes, baños, jabones, cosméticos. Se limpiaban el trasero con plantas, trozos de tela,
trozos de cerámica, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://opusincertumhispanicus.blogspot.com/2016/03/la-higiene-desde-la-edad-media-hasta-el.html" target="_blank">La higiene desde la Edad Media hasta el Siglo XVII</a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">3 -</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #0f1419; font-size: 14pt;">
Había perfumes y sustancias olorosas (ya los antiguos egipcios los utilizaban,
así como en la Antigua Grecia y entre los árabes). Su función no era para
cubrir el mal olor, sino para oler distinto.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #0f1419; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Lectura
recomendada: </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #0f1419; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><i>Las artes de la paz. Técnicas de perfumería y cosmética en
recetarios castellano</i> <i>de los siglos XV y XVI</i>, de Teresa Criado Vega.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">4 -</span> <span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Versalles
tenía baños y retretes, no hay datos sobre que los </span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">excrementos
humanos eran lanzados por las ventanas del palacio o que en la cocina del
palacio se preparaban banquetes sin la más mínima higiene.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Lecturas recomendadas:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">El diseño de lo privado. El baño</span></i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">, de Luis
Soto Walls.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><a href="https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/25769/MemoireLouis-final.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y" target="_blank">Les mèdecins de Louis XIV</a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://artsandculture.google.com/story/UALiKfwJBLS9IA?hl=es" target="_blank">11 secretos sobre el palacio de Versalles</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">El inodoro y sus conexiones</span></i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">, de Angel
Oscar Prignano.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><a href="https://chateauversailles-recherche.fr/curia/documents/roi1663.pdf" target="_blank">Chateau Versailles</a>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://twitter.com/Versaillespass/status/1248121441276645377" target="_blank">Versalles</a>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">5 - En </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">la Edad Media había tratados de higiene y
de comportamiento en la mesa.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Lectura recomendada: </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><i>Normas
de comportamiento en la mesa durante la Edad Media</i>, de C. Alvar y
G. Alvar Nuño.</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.pinterest.com/macs_shop/lavabo/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="886" data-original-width="1080" height="329" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5p10t3Y_Y3EaC3i8ChI4RqN-uMj_yd5gPXts-Tou6DYvor6BfVMPDTSvVhUYstEwm1zLOdzo7QQuhR8-Oub44C_uYnpnr7CSdymM7bU2hXuk90cNjcO4j0JXZmbSvrovSDmTV0lxNgtxt/w400-h329/Lavado+de+manos.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">6 - El “¡Agua, va!” es un mito. Que
lo hicieran algunos no es sinónimo de que lo hiciera todo el mundo. También se dio en la época romana.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Lectura recomendada: </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Espacios de sociabilidad urbana en el Reino de Valencia durante la Edad Media, de J. Hinojosa Montalvo.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">7 - El orín se recogía para,
entre otras cosas, curtir cuero y blanquear la ropa. Las heces se usaban como
abono.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Lectura recomendada: </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><i>Eliminación
y reciclaje de residuos urbanos en la Castilla bajomedieval</i>, de Córdoba de
la Llave.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">8 - El abanico fue un
instrumento usado por todas aquellas culturas donde el calor y los insectos
eran insoportables, por tanto, servía para espantar bichos y para refrescarse.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.alamy.es/fernando-gallego-nacimiento-de-la-virgen-trujillo-image329632642.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="1390" data-original-width="879" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4mB4WwCefE1oBPJqStw6PsS0lo1R3bGYh8Fr33lidcMsCvZJmI6VJopFA4wvJiv36ty4IwflQubtnQzKQFjPgXLTgG1nJhIAg72zvm8uAleXIZmup-fgQIVyUonnGPglzDK_BRVD2oEUz/w405-h640/2A481PA.jpg" width="405" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">9 - Las mujeres llevaron hasta
el siglo XX prendas hasta los pies. Las campesinas solían
llevarlas más cortas. Y no, no se llevaron para «contener el mal olor de las
partes íntimas». Llevar, además, varias faldas superpuestas era un signo de lujo.<o:p></o:p></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indumentaria_en_la_Antigua_Roma" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="2800" data-original-width="1123" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc4EpUS4iaBBzlhYNLaMzoKrZrmd7SJOLw-SrOSLsJjaO6SfZlrMyCeR5NmHJfSrCpeDChyhYY-HcBhvI5wVpIXpjKozO_kUDqxR1riTUOjnriUr5ALlfLDuKun91Uu3ichSl3csJut24r/w256-h640/Escultura_femenina_romana_%2528M.A.N.%2529_01.jpg" width="256" /></a></div><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></p>10 - La gente se aseaba todos los días usando recipientes, agua y
mano, trapo, esponja. Se bañaban </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 18.6667px;">cuando podían </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">(los baños no desaparecieron del todo tras la caída de
Imperio romano y durante la Edad Media estos proliferaron. Los
ríos también servían para tal menester). Por cierto, el agua se puede templar o calentar
echando una piedra puesta anteriormente al fuego. Y aunque en la mayoría de las
casas no había </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">agua
corriente, la gente tenía piernas y manos para recogerla en los ríos, fuentes,
manantiales, pozos.</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.alamyimages.fr/photos-images/bautismal.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="956" data-original-width="1300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCwyF0lsva7Aslv9vvm6P3Xc5Q5omnAlLT2ROQaYDrQK3jkjsnhH70XlwdH7XdTWTbJMQ3Xp6UJOVxuq7Yv5969WKXfDTp-XRSayIr2AvxiVIxb6v1d0DimvnwmsUitkWAg2Jk0sKZixQX/s320/basilica-paleocristiana-son-pereto-baptisterio-con-doble-piscina-bautismal-siglos-v-vi-d-c-manacor-mallorca-islas-baleares-espana-hmhxd2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB56pCtNTBMjERkW5PaLkgIa87NpYcAqUJeJTf4sg85Dlh1KbO0RaBNDOYfPUjemunsOLV6jpqgMTE5IJX04vhlrv9vsiFv2uljPCsDGszdoD9AnMPNVR0xfm2FleG3s4bVfwpezPy7yeO/s320/Ba%25C3%25B1os+%25282%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="244" data-original-width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB56pCtNTBMjERkW5PaLkgIa87NpYcAqUJeJTf4sg85Dlh1KbO0RaBNDOYfPUjemunsOLV6jpqgMTE5IJX04vhlrv9vsiFv2uljPCsDGszdoD9AnMPNVR0xfm2FleG3s4bVfwpezPy7yeO/s0/Ba%25C3%25B1os+%25282%2529.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">11 - No hay datos
que nos digan que las bodas se realizaban en junio, sí, en cambio, que en
mayo había fiestas populares: celebración pagana por el renacer
de la vegetación y, por tanto, de la fecundidad. Las bodas, además, duraban
varios días.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Lectura
recomendada: </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><i>«Costumbres festivas en la Baja Edad Media castellana: el
ejemplo de la villa de Cuellar»</i>, de E. Olmos Herguedas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">12 - Las novias
llevaron flores adornando la cabeza el día de su boda como parte de una
tradición ancestral, estaban relacionadas con la abundancia y la fertilidad (también e</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 18.6667px;">n la Antigua Roma se llevaba una corona de flores)</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">. Con el tiempo se sustituyó por una </span><a href="https://opusincertumhispanicus.blogspot.com/2013/09/tira-de-cabeza-chapel.html" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;" target="_blank">tira o garlanda</a><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfarer%C3%ADa_de_agua#/media/Archivo:Master_Of_The_Catholic_Kings_-_The_Marriage_at_Cana_(detail)_-_WGA14520.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="933" data-original-width="367" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFFDReO-iMJBsWy-I8q6TRU1-iX9OasTqKLzKlljm16EXZevId7NAfArt91LIx8MeEhawr_hRXJqhyphenhyphenKPKE5jfC3LD7W6eebUJkxhqfygfvyus5J0LIzVHB-od6bjXeMMd7gUMnBWHi77Qq/w158-h400/Master_Of_The_Catholic_Kings_-_The_Marriage_at_Cana_%2528detail%2529_-_WGA14520.jpg" width="158" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Lecturas
recomendadas: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Raíces
rituales de la danza y su relación con lo sagrado</span></i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">, de Ponte Mosteiro.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Superstición,
magia y otras creencias en el arte de la Hispania Romana</span></i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">, Sanjuán del Olmo.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Peculiaridades
nupciales romana y su proyección medieval</span></i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">, de Marcos Casquero.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">13 -</span> <span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">No hay datos que afirmen estas
tonterías: «los baños se tomaban en una sola bañera enorme llena de agua
caliente. El jefe de la familia tenía el privilegio del primer baño en agua
limpia. Luego, sin cambiar el agua, llegaban los demás en la casa, en orden de
edad, mujeres, también por edad y, finalmente, niños. Los bebés eran los
últimos en bañarse. Cuando llegaba su turno, el agua en la bañera estaba tan
sucia que era posible matar a un bebé adentro.»</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">En cambio, sí
existe una crónica del siglo X, de Ibrāhīm ibn Yaʿqūb, que tomó fragmentos de
las crónicas, perdidas, del comerciante Abraham ben Jacob (mediados
del siglo X), en la escribe lo siguiente sobre los vikingos:</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">«Son los más
desaseados entre todas las criaturas de Dios. No se limpian las manchas
producidas por los excrementos o la orina. No se lavan después de las
relaciones sexuales; no se lavan las manos después de comer. […] Todos los
días, sin falta, se lavan la cara y la cabeza con el agua más sucia que pueda
haber. Una joven sirvienta viene todas las mañanas con el desayuno y con él una
gran cuenca de agua. Se lo ofrece a su maestro, que se lava las manos y la
cara, así como el cabello. Se lava y desenreda el cabello, usando un peine,
allí en el lavabo, luego se sopla la nariz y escupe y hace todo lo sucio que se
pueda imaginar en el agua. Cuando termina, el criado lleva el cuenco al hombre
que está a su lado. Continúa pasando el lavabo de uno a otro hasta que se lo ha
llevado a todos los hombres de la casa. Y cada uno de ellos se sopla la nariz,
escupe y se lava la cara y el cabello en este lavabo.»</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">La
estrategia es clara: para atacar al enemigo, nada como desacreditarlo.</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">Lectura
recomendada:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/thevalkyriesvigil/posts/157484037795044/" target="_blank">Vikingos</a></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #0f1419; font-size: 14pt;">14 - En cuanto a animales, latas, tomates, enterramientos os dejo el comentario
que hizo una buena amiga en otra página de Facebook donde colgaron el mismo
texto:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIacEiKqhsj6oiVICqK87_La1Z4mWKsPbztJRJqwqcJDj6HgZCDkhRvCs9b-RFVAKFmIDHkIO67toGqaJ1uzUERSQjhCAV_piRajkXZ9JssN82koI5LBFHaK1LUx5icN75iET1ITpId7mk/s680/EoOo8XzXIAEUErp.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="537" data-original-width="680" height="506" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIacEiKqhsj6oiVICqK87_La1Z4mWKsPbztJRJqwqcJDj6HgZCDkhRvCs9b-RFVAKFmIDHkIO67toGqaJ1uzUERSQjhCAV_piRajkXZ9JssN82koI5LBFHaK1LUx5icN75iET1ITpId7mk/w640-h506/EoOo8XzXIAEUErp.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #0f1419; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><p></p>Consuelohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17065612406754802718noreply@blogger.com26tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-890172540478026014.post-62455940360001546282021-04-27T01:38:00.004-07:002021-04-29T02:07:57.560-07:00Mito decimonónico: Cristianismo medieval y Tierra plana<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.wikiwand.com/es/Tierra_plana" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="767" data-original-width="608" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVEC5uLGdaT8ozDXq33jJG9ACsbXuWS4f7yGVraKVpCEwtdha2Hzec3DEQoMJ6POTKG7np04Ctj4z6qezQbzaqd5XQ86am8q9mvGlHfCgg0TpbJZVh0-4ErQ-ymZypzZvqOacoz0Kx90IL/s320/San+Isidoro.jpg" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">Escribía <b>Lactancio</b>: </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><b>"Confieso que no sé qué pensar de esa
gente empecinada en sus errores y que sostiene sus extravagancias...</b>"</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">Pero de él hablaré un poco más adelante.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">Sabemos que durante la <b>Edad Media</b> los pensadores cristianos continuaron aceptando las teorías griegas de la esfericidad de la Tierra. A partir del siglo XII, las traducciones de obras griegas y árabes dieron a dichas teorías un mayor impulso.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">No voy a dar una clase de
historia o de astronomía, pero para hablar sobre la redondez de la Tierra hay que
remontarse hasta la Antigua Grecia y sus conocimientos. Citaremos a los más
importantes, resumiendo muchísimo sus teorías:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjREZBfLmaqHEU1-8Na6bUrQhMDUOO-dxMpbyseagJ7MPiJpGPoRX3VOQ-tr7BTRtoMs_whO-TflfVpUp4q4dXypT1m_hPxZWfJGD-CsW_j6lMD2Zx7nayXCF-jZRpBbo_0jltTsiYDwQ52/s2048/Atlas+Farnasio.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1536" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjREZBfLmaqHEU1-8Na6bUrQhMDUOO-dxMpbyseagJ7MPiJpGPoRX3VOQ-tr7BTRtoMs_whO-TflfVpUp4q4dXypT1m_hPxZWfJGD-CsW_j6lMD2Zx7nayXCF-jZRpBbo_0jltTsiYDwQ52/s320/Atlas+Farnasio.jpg" /></a></div><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit%C3%A1goras" target="_blank">Pitágoras</a></span></b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">
(s. V a.C.): se dice que fue el primero que consideró que la Tierra tenía
forma redonda, ya que, para él, la esfera era el cuerpo geométrico más perfecto
que existía. <o:p></o:p></span></p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_de_Mileto" target="_blank">Tales de Mileto</a> </span></b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">(s. V-IV a.C.)<b> </b>pensó que la Tierra era un disco bidimensional que flotaba
sobre un océano infinito.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%B3n" target="_blank">Platón</a></span></b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">
(s. V-IV a.C.) y las esferas encajadas: el universo era esférico, teniendo
como punto central una Tierra redonda y sin movimiento. Idea que tomaría probablemente
de la escuela pitagórica. Los Epicúreos (300 a.C.) rechazaban esta teoría.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudoxo_de_Cnido" target="_blank">Eudoxo</a></span></b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudoxo_de_Cnido" target="_blank"> <b>de
Cnido</b></a> (s. IV a.C.), discípulo de Platón, perfecciona la teoría de las
dos esferas encajadas: las esferas, siempre con la Tierra en el centro, se
movían “en diferentes direcciones, sentidos y velocidades.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B3teles" target="_blank">Aristóteles</a></span></b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> (s. IV a.C.): En cuanto a la forma y tamaño concluyó que tenía que ser esférico por
razones de simetría y equilibrio. El Universo sería una gran esfera limitada
por las estrellas. Dentro había varias esferas más pequeñas, y cada una de
ellas con los cinco planetas que se conocían. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><b><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erat%C3%B3stenes" target="_blank">Eratóstenes de Cirene</a> </b>(s. III a.C.)</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">, logró calcular la
circunferencia de la Tierra.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Ptolomeo" target="_blank">Claudio Ptolomeo</a></span></b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> (s.
II d.C.) recopiló todos los conocimientos astronómicos que se conocían<span style="background: white;">, y sacó sus propias conclusiones: la
Tierra estaba en el centro del Universo, mientras que los planetas, el Sol, la Luna
se movían alrededor de ella. Las estrellas, en posición fija, los rodearía y el
“Primer Movil”, sería el elemento que transmitía el movimiento a todo el
Universo.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #0f1419; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Ahora vayamos a la <b>época tardoantigua</b>. Los conocimientos griegos de la esfericidad no se pierden. La
mayoría de los pensadores aceptaron, más o menos, la redondez de la Tierra. Sin embargo, algunos discreparon. Tenemos, por ejemplo, a </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><b><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactancio" target="_blank">Lucio Cecilio Firmiano Lactancio</a></b><span style="color: #0f1419;"> (s. III-IV) (sí, el de la frase escrita al principio de esta entrada) que en su obra <i>Instituciones Divinas </i>escribe:</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 14pt; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5b2YcL29ouHZAZqQrvJiwNEKEk3mTlknMstHWrqedRQhVVjqdgKJMCUPgaYXzFjvYVwalb8wJ0j1dXv5vLOp07k4KIWQB8LxHlJAAae3zM9RgofjDUgwIX-k0JrV2wl8B95dP3yTQuv3R/s509/lactancio.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="509" data-original-width="453" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5b2YcL29ouHZAZqQrvJiwNEKEk3mTlknMstHWrqedRQhVVjqdgKJMCUPgaYXzFjvYVwalb8wJ0j1dXv5vLOp07k4KIWQB8LxHlJAAae3zM9RgofjDUgwIX-k0JrV2wl8B95dP3yTQuv3R/w356-h400/lactancio.png" width="356" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 14pt; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGW7BGN6QdMOKU04lH14YZHBFdW58-SOHBCMin2WjepEr11MacHuxa9EWHpoN7KFA_YmNGjKNveTYnccoN-Ha9LApzJANGF6bNbGmWNAJnbLFDcTzyCyIMHC3eUsZ9WTE4wjVAeyS5ilBD/s421/lactancio2.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="127" data-original-width="421" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGW7BGN6QdMOKU04lH14YZHBFdW58-SOHBCMin2WjepEr11MacHuxa9EWHpoN7KFA_YmNGjKNveTYnccoN-Ha9LApzJANGF6bNbGmWNAJnbLFDcTzyCyIMHC3eUsZ9WTE4wjVAeyS5ilBD/s320/lactancio2.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">(ver <span style="text-align: left;">José Rubén Páez
Kano: <i>La esfera de la tierra plana medieval como invención del siglo XIX</i>, 2003)</span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #0f1419; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">y <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmas_Indicopleustes" target="_blank"><b>Cosmas
Indicopleustes</b> </a>(s. VI), en su obra <i>Topografía Cristiana</i> escribe </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 14pt; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnCodOTHjXtfQtFbdM4Z_BQHFGkwfE6sGR5LPPzgT8758JY2dx6e8tivLY5SjF0jwoUv6kl-EfhuZEbTQKz686gyb58-93AQz1mgclg79PFQLN3IsJcfiY_rUt6yYM90VGdjs6zhonBs7p/s641/Cosmas.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="461" data-original-width="641" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnCodOTHjXtfQtFbdM4Z_BQHFGkwfE6sGR5LPPzgT8758JY2dx6e8tivLY5SjF0jwoUv6kl-EfhuZEbTQKz686gyb58-93AQz1mgclg79PFQLN3IsJcfiY_rUt6yYM90VGdjs6zhonBs7p/w400-h288/Cosmas.png" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">(ver <span style="text-align: left;">José Marín
Riveros: <i>El mundo como morada: Orden y propósito</i>. 2006.)</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAbWU7FV8EF0SkRhuP8SaCY1NgJ_dXXOyKnebzrcflOJh2EPg3b6UVHJ3-CAFHUgCLvnayQWpeHFvc75oAYtlR8P0RETgHoUvnBR0M2Q0N1HW0l61P24vSLvi_SECvA31FToJw7VhwgkzO/s548/Cosmas_Indicopleustes_-_Topographia_Christiana_1.jpg" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="505" data-original-width="548" height="369" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAbWU7FV8EF0SkRhuP8SaCY1NgJ_dXXOyKnebzrcflOJh2EPg3b6UVHJ3-CAFHUgCLvnayQWpeHFvc75oAYtlR8P0RETgHoUvnBR0M2Q0N1HW0l61P24vSLvi_SECvA31FToJw7VhwgkzO/w400-h369/Cosmas_Indicopleustes_-_Topographia_Christiana_1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #0f1419; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cris%C3%B3stomo" target="_blank">Juan Crisóstomo</a></span></b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #0f1419; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> (s. IV-V) y <b><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasio_de_Alejandr%C3%ADa" target="_blank">Atanasio de Alejandría</a></b></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> (s. IV) se afirman en un Tierra en forma de disco.</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #0f1419; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #0f1419; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Pero otros
pensadores y teólogos cristianos no descartan las distintas teorías sobre la
forma de la Tierra:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #0f1419; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aten%C3%A1goras_de_Atenas" target="_blank">Atenagoras deAtenas</a></span></b><span style="color: #0f1419; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> (s. II): “El mundo, al hacerse esférico,
está confinado dentro de los círculos del cielo.”</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> (ver David Bercot: <i>A Dictionary of Early Christian Beliefs</i>. 1998)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodio_de_Olimpia" target="_blank">Metodio de Olimpia</a></span></b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> (s. III-IV): "Dicen
que la circunferencia del universo se compara con los giros de un globo
terráqueo bien redondeado, siendo la Tierra un punto central. Dicen que como su
contorno es esférico,... la Tierra debe ser el centro del universo, alrededor
del cual el cielo está girando." <o:p></o:p></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 18.6667px;">(ver David Bercot: </span><i style="color: #202122; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">A Dictionary of Early Christian Beliefs</i><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 18.6667px;">. 1998)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnobio_de_Sicca" target="_blank">Arnobio de Sicca</a></span></b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> (s. IV): "En primer
lugar, de hecho, el mundo en sí no es ni derecho ni izquierda. No tiene
regiones superiores ni inferiores, ni delanteras ni traseras. Porque lo que sea
redondo y delimitado a cada lado por la circunferencia de una esfera sólida, no
tiene principio ni fin..." <o:p></o:p></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 18.6667px;">(ver David Bercot: </span><i style="color: #202122; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">A Dictionary of Early Christian Beliefs</i><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 18.6667px;">. 1998)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">
</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Basilio
el Grande </span></b><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">(s. IV), en </span><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Hexaemerón</span></i><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> (Los
seis días de la creación) escribe:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 14pt; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRA9GFg9V2PS6VbrdY5aU_yBesUY5ayH0G22tuLK1SAPdyIHxzKUVCRSNkbI6EKPLec4az0hpKtQJV3igub8eqWbE_XeTRVQLVlKQGy9SI0khdD6EAmIkgXrudklI9TlesASrak-3qgQun/s769/basilio+el+grande.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="417" data-original-width="769" height="347" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRA9GFg9V2PS6VbrdY5aU_yBesUY5ayH0G22tuLK1SAPdyIHxzKUVCRSNkbI6EKPLec4az0hpKtQJV3igub8eqWbE_XeTRVQLVlKQGy9SI0khdD6EAmIkgXrudklI9TlesASrak-3qgQun/w640-h347/basilio+el+grande.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">(ver <a href="https://cristoesortodoxo.com/2014/08/07/vision-ortodoxa-de-la-evolucion-parte-12/" target="_blank">Cristo es ortodoxo</a>) (Mi agradecimiento al tuitero <a href="https://twitter.com/AYAXTELMON" target="_blank">Ayaxtelmon</a> por encontrarme el dato)</div><br /><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #0f1419; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Hipona" target="_blank">San Agustín de Hipona</a></span></b><span style="color: #0f1419; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> (s. IV-V), </span><i><span style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">La ciudad de Dios</span></i><span style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">, Libro XVI, capítulo 9:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhETY8RpbMX_ubhsVE9Z78i_N6Vs_8E82fZmLCyc7C64h5ZpyoGWj40ApGv3iDnPmuuAwR8qjTOhjyqJ276RDyVYZWXNkF7xOTPuderkwLYoS6UUKbKFmkdJpxHvEXUbd2OrUVwLmeIPTrn/s557/San+Agust%25C3%25ADn.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="441" data-original-width="557" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhETY8RpbMX_ubhsVE9Z78i_N6Vs_8E82fZmLCyc7C64h5ZpyoGWj40ApGv3iDnPmuuAwR8qjTOhjyqJ276RDyVYZWXNkF7xOTPuderkwLYoS6UUKbKFmkdJpxHvEXUbd2OrUVwLmeIPTrn/w400-h316/San+Agust%25C3%25ADn.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #202122; line-height: 107%;">Y en su obra <i>De Génesis ad litteram: </i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">“25. Pero si aquella primera luz, esparcida por
todas las partes, envolvía la masa terráquea, ya estuviera quieta o diera
vueltas a su alrededor, no daba lugar por parte alguna a que sucediera la
noche, porque jamás se apartaba la luz para hacerle sitio. ¿O es que estaba hecha
de tal forma que ella, dando vueltas, también permitía a la noche, que iba
detrás de ella, dar del mismo modo vueltas? Pues estando toda la tierra
cubierta por el agua, nada se oponía a que la mole esférica y acuosa tuviera el
día por un lado con la presencia de la luz, y la noche por el otro con su
ausencia. La noche penetraría en aquel sitio, a partir de la tarde, de cuyo
lugar se apartaría la luz a la otra parte.” </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #0f1419; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidoro_de_Sevilla" target="_blank">San Isidoro de Sevilla</a></span></b><span style="color: #0f1419; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> (s. V-VI d.C.), “</span><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">De Natura Rerum”<span style="color: #0f1419;">: </span>Libro de San Isidoro de Sevilla obispo sobre la
naturaleza de las cosas al rey Sisebuto</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">:<span style="color: #0f1419;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">
</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">“Tierra: espesa, sin punta e
inmóvil.”</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8mybFSSSdagQEIjuDX4thxyc2aHyYo2HnsQAipQ2nNHV4vZvkDNhu4rhGSQCHY8lsuSo3EjRgPcxVOnr-nStQpnEu4n01aaeO6ZQFlGSCDmijbyJaB2Hn7ggo51ZNhk9zyr0hhKPwoY1b/s541/Isidoro.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="541" data-original-width="509" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8mybFSSSdagQEIjuDX4thxyc2aHyYo2HnsQAipQ2nNHV4vZvkDNhu4rhGSQCHY8lsuSo3EjRgPcxVOnr-nStQpnEu4n01aaeO6ZQFlGSCDmijbyJaB2Hn7ggo51ZNhk9zyr0hhKPwoY1b/w376-h400/Isidoro.png" width="376" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">(ver <span style="text-align: justify;">“De natura rerum” Isidoro de
Sevilla, Introducción, traducción y notas de Gonzalo Soto Posada)</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda" target="_blank">Beda el Venerable</a> </span></b><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">(s. VII-VIII), </span><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="LA" style="color: #222222; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: LA;">De temporum
ratione</span></i><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">:</span></p>
<span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">“Llamamos la Tierra el
globo, no porque la forma esférica se exprese en la diversidad de valles y
montaña, antes bien, si todas las cosas se incluyen en el contorno, la
circunferencia de la Tierra representa la figura de un globo perfecto… Pues de
verdad es un orbe situado en el centro del universo; su ancho es el de un
círculo, y no circular como un escudo sino más bien como una pelota, y se
extiende desde su centro con redondez perfecta hacia todos lados.” </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;">(ver </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; text-align: justify;">Jeffrey Burton
Russell: <i>El Mito De La Tierra Plana.</i> 2014)</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Ya en la Edad Media vamos a destacar a:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><b style="font-size: 14pt;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Reichenau" target="_blank">Hermannde Reichenau</a></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> (s. XI) que dio instrucciones de cómo medir la circunferencia</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> de la Tierra mediante un astrolabio. </span>(ver <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041205175850/http://flaez.ch/hermannus/astrolab.html" target="_blank">Hermanus astrolab</a>)</span></span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Santo
Tomás de Aquino</span></b><span style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> (s. XIII),</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Summa theologica</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">:</span><sup><span style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></sup></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">
</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><i>A diversos modos de conocer, diversas ciencias.
Por ejemplo, tanto el astrólogo como el físico pueden concluir que la tierra es
redonda. Pero mientras el astrólogo lo deduce por algo abstracto, la
matemática, el físico lo hace por algo concreto, la materia. De ahí que nada
impida que unas mismas cosas entren dentro del campo de las materias
filosóficas siendo conocidas por la simple razón natural, y, al mismo tiempo,
dentro del campo de otra ciencia cuyo modo de conocer es por la luz de la
revelación divina. De donde se deduce que la teología que estudia la doctrina
sagrada, por su género es distinta de la teodicea que figura como parte de la
filosofía.</i>”<span style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #0f1419; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautier_de_Metz" target="_blank">Gautier de Metz</a></span></b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #0f1419; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautier_de_Metz" target="_blank"> </a>(s. XIII), en su obra <b>"</b><i>Image du Monde"</i>:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">
</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #0f1419; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">"La Tierra
es redonda, y si no hubiera obstáculos, un hombre podría recorrerla, como una
mosca circula alrededor de una manzana; dos hombres podrían separarse, marchando
en direcciones opuestas, uno hacia el Este, otro hacia el Oeste, y se
reencontrarían en las antípodas." </span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #0f1419; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">(ver Juan
Romero-Girón: <i>Historia de la cartografía. La evolución de los mapas. Segunda
parte. El Mundo medieval de Bizancio al Renacimiento</i>. 2019)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautier_de_Metz#/media/Archivo:Gossuin_de_Metz_-_L'image_du_monde_-_BNF_Fr._574_fo42.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="780" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVO8d7tuDfsZN0udLcHk4azeBV01kyZ2IUo_wwLXwqM639eo-BB7Gqc18sVmidkxzELEhCKw8ljYsvAlphDHhHWsfDcuQnq5L9qfZMY4GJMCmM32nV-TfTq1qVjIr2fQNpLFXTj-LZyujd/w416-h640/Esfericidad+tierra.jpg" width="416" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_d%27Ailly" target="_blank">Pierre d’Ailly</a></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> alrededor
del 1410 escribe 5 tomos, siendo el primero, <i>Cosmografía</i>, donde propone
la tesis aristotélica de la tierra como redonda:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://www.mmfilesi.com/tcabaret/el-lapidario-de-alfonso-x/" target="_blank">«El mundo es de forma esférica o redonda y ofrece gran variedad en sus diversas partes.»</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="hhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Septima_figura_Imago_mundi_Pierre_d%27Ailly_1483.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="831" data-original-width="676" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwK99MGgwFBvIzGIwebOgCIKb3wmAwGw9_eBRF8-d8s-qh6XLyV7p4wVxSShszKF7aulnbGlndPKZYDdMAsIKkfvpbZdPcIRo7lZMGD-CNJ6hy6cTdTM87DdJNJF6w3eMl4E-EkH2NVOqq/w325-h400/Septima_figura_Imago_mundi_Pierre_d%2527Ailly_1483.png" width="325" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: left;">(ver </span><a href="https://www.elviejotopo.com/topoexpress/el-mito-de-la-tierra-plana/ " style="text-align: left;" target="_blank">El viejo topo, el mito de la Tierra plana</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: left;">)</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Para no alargarme más recomiendo el artículo de Roland Bernhard <i>De-Konstruktion des Mythos’ der flachen Erde, </i>donde pone una lista de pensadores, monjes, teólogos
y filósofos que para sostener sus ideas, teorías o cálculos asumían una tierra redonda: </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Teodulfo de Orleans (s. VIII-IX), </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Rabano Mauro (s. VIII-IX), </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Juan Escoto Erígena (s. IX), </span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Monje Dicuil (s. IX), </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Remigio de Auxerre (s. IX-X), </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">papa Silvestre II (s. X-XI), </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Arcipreste León (s. X), Notker Labeo (s. X-XI), </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Guillermo de Conches (s. XI-XII), </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Honorio de Autun (s. XI-XII), </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Hildegard de Bingen (s. XII), </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Pedro Abelardo (s. XII), </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Philippe de Thaon (s. XII), </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Bernardo Silvestre (s. XII), </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Pedro el Comedor (s. XII), </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Thierry de Chartres (s. XII), </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Gautier de Châtillon (s. XII), </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Alain de Lille (s. XII), </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Lamberto de Saint-Omer (s. XII), </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Alexander Neckam (s. XII-XIII),</span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Gervasio de Tilbury (s. XII-XIII), </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Berthold de Ratisbona (s. XIII), </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Roberto Grosseteste (s. XII-XIII), </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Juan de Sacrobosco (s. XIII), </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Tomás de Cantimpré (s. XIII), </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Vincent de Beauvais (s. XIII), </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">San Alberto Magno (s. XIII),</span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Roberto el Inglés (s. XIII), </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Roger Bacon (s. XIII), </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Ristoro d’Arezzo (s. XIII),</span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Maestro Eckhart (s. XIII-XIV), Juan Gil de Zámora (s. XIII-XIV), Perot de Garbelei (s. XIII-XIV), Cecco d’Ascoli (s. XIII-XIV), Konrad
von Megenberg (s. XIV), Nicole Oresme (s. XIV), Geoffrey Chaucer (s. XIV), Toscanelli (s. XV), </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">papa </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Pio II (s. XV)</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">, etc. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/John_of_Holywood_%28Johannes_de_Sacrobosco%29._Line_engraving%2C_1_Wellcome_V0003118.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1724" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt2qz7XeoXnMrjKSAHqjXXnch4a_OgXtoary9HnduE-DQ4wg3cjWAu4gb1-DQEcuBli0nyW4cGPCTGBZVoPpDnKg90wd2LHhn35dwRDwdXZmwJArdYQlOCSkmXo5KVGXELhvl9B9mtC_fr/w336-h400/John_of_Holywood_%2528Johannes_de_Sacrobosco%2529._Line_engraving%252C_1_Wellcome_V0003118.jpg" width="336" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Y para terminar, Ricard Casadesú en su artículo
“La Big History como síntesis de la Cosmo-Bio-Antropo-evolución: comienzo del
universo y emergencia de la vida” escribe:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">«El Principio Cosmológico fue
formulado por primera vez por el cardenal <b>Nicolás de Cusa</b> a mediados del
s. XV, al describir el universo como una esfera con su centro en todas partes y
sus circunferencias en ninguna. El Principio Cosmológico establece que el
universo ha de ofrecer el mismo aspecto a todos los observadores posibles, sea
cual fuere el lugar en que se encontraren, prescindiendo de las irregularidades
locales.»<span style="color: #0f1419;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #0f1419; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Bibliografía: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p><ul><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Arthur Koestler</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">: </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Los Sonámbulos. Origen y desarrollo de la cosmología</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">José Antonio García González: El debate sobre la
esfericidad de la Tierra en época clásica.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">William K. C. Guthrie: Los filósofos griegos De Tales a
Aristóteles.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Stephen Jay Gould: The Late Birth of a Flat Earth.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Augusto Salinas: La imagen del mundo a fines del
siglo XV. La idea de una Tierra esférica como fundamento del proyecto
colombino. </span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Augusto Salinas: La imagen del mundo en la Antigüedad. La
evolución de las ideas sobre la forma de la Tierra, de Tales de Mileto a
Ptolomeo.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Emilio Cáceres Vázquez: La astronomía griega (II).</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Rafael Cid Rodríguez: Conocimientos geográficos en la Edad
Media.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Alfonso Pérez de Laborda: El mundo como creación: Ensayo de
filosofía teológica.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Gonzalo Soto Posada: <i>De natura rerum</i> Isidoro de
Sevilla.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">San
Agustín de Hipona: Del Génesis a las Letras. Traducción: Lope Cilleruelo.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Joaquín Rubio Tovar: Geografía
y literatura: algunas consideraciones sobre los mapas medievales </span></li><li><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Antonio
Ignacio Molina Marín</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">: LA GEOGRAFÍA BIZANTINA: COSMAS INDICOPLEUSTES<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="primum mobile | La fórmula del lápiz (wordpress.com)" target="_blank">Una esférica visión del Cosmo</a></span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="Historia del debate sobre la forma de la Tierra – Descubrir la Historia" target="_blank">Historia del debate sobre la forma de la Tierra</a></span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="La esfericidad de la Tierra – Descubrir la Historia" target="_blank">La esfericidad de la Tierra </a></span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="http://www.myoldmaps.com/early-medieval-monographs/202-cosmas-indicopleustes/202-cosmas.pdf" target="_blank">World Pictures of Cosmas</a></span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="http://www.hexaimeron.ro/Hexaimeron/Facerea_en.html" target="_blank">Excerpts from "Genesis, Creation and Early Man"
by Hieromonk Seraphim Rose</a> </span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="Tierra esférica - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre" target="_blank">Tierra esférica</a></span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Septima_figura_Imago_mundi_Pierre_d%27Ailly_1483.png" target="_blank">Imago mundo Pierre</a> </span></li><li><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><a href="http://www.adrianabustos.com.ar/portfolio/imago-mundi/" target="_blank">Imago mundi</a></span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="'Imago mundi', 7 retratos del mundo — Cuaderno de Cultura Científica (culturacientifica.com)" target="_blank">Imago mundo</a>. </span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">I<a href="https://www.infocatolica.com/blog/notelacuenten.php/1608060358-el-mito-de-que-la-iglesia-pro?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter" target="_blank">nfocatólica</a>. </span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistula_Sisebuti" target="_blank">Espistula Sisebuti </a></span></li></ul><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">
</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></p><p></p>Consuelohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17065612406754802718noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-890172540478026014.post-43818838706163227552021-02-03T02:18:00.008-08:002021-02-03T03:46:11.550-08:00La papisa Juana, una leyenda enrevesada<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOss35RI1by3LIQJGNlVhonbkAC1WjXFfbx-S_5can4QS9WOzYiN3_SaewtURgCcz9Yd7Ot8vaf8wh9Zo4UNBs6U2UpU6ECovvcBMBHmQESFwhNwUtPpBiYc6roHMQWhNnpa-OXFgjw7tC/s297/papisa.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="297" data-original-width="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOss35RI1by3LIQJGNlVhonbkAC1WjXFfbx-S_5can4QS9WOzYiN3_SaewtURgCcz9Yd7Ot8vaf8wh9Zo4UNBs6U2UpU6ECovvcBMBHmQESFwhNwUtPpBiYc6roHMQWhNnpa-OXFgjw7tC/s0/papisa.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">Hay
numerosos trabajos en Internet sobre la <b><a href="http://ec.aciprensa.com/wiki/Juana_Papisa" target="_blank">leyenda</a></b> de la <b><a href="Papisa Juana - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre" target="_blank">papisa Juana</a></b> (Juan el
Inglés, Juan de Inglaterra, Ioannes Anglicus). Como no quiero que sea una
entrada larga y tediosa, voy a intentar hacer un resumen, incorporando enlaces.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">La leyenda, que tuvo gran difusión
a partir del siglo XIII (incluso se menciona en una nota del siglo XIV en un
manuscrito del siglo XII del <i><a href="historia de la liturgia tomo I (unex.es)" target="_blank">Liber Ponficalis</a>)<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;">, </span></span></i>es, resumiendo mucho, la siguiente: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Una mujer disfrazada de hombre
ascendió al sillón papal a mediados del siglo IX como <b>Juan VIII</b> (872-882), siendo descubierta al ponerse de parto durante una
procesión desde San Pedro a San Juan de Letrán. </span></p><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Sin embargo, hacia 1265, en una obra titulada </span><i style="font-size: 14pt;">Chronica minor</i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">, escrita
por un</span><b style="font-size: 14pt;"> </b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">fraile de Erfurt, se indica que el pontificado de la papisa fue a
continuación de </span><b style="font-size: 14pt;">Sergio III</b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> (muerto en 914). Y otras fuentes anónimas señalarán
que fue después de </span><b style="font-size: 14pt;">Urbano II</b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> (muerto en 1099).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Ya tenemos el lío, pero la historia se va a ir enredando más con los siguientes datos:</span></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
</div>
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><b><a href="https://es.qaz.wiki/wiki/Jean_de_Mailly" target="_blank">Jean Pierier de Mailly</a></b>
(Jean de Mailly, Juan de París, Pedro de Mallilaco), cronista dominicano (mediados del siglo XIII), escribe en <i><a href="https://www.geschichtsquellen.de/werk/5553" target="_blank">Chronica universalis Mettensis</a> (1250-55)</i> sobre la papisa, sin dar ningún nombre, que vivió hacia el año 1100. Según él, la mujer muere apedreada por un gentío
enfurecido. Incluye en su escrito la siguiente inscripción: <em><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Parce Petre pater patrum papissae prodito partum </span></em></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">(Pedro, padre de padres, revela el parto
de la papisa)</span><em style="font-size: 14pt;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: black; font-style: normal; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">, </span></em><span style="font-size: 14pt;">que </span><em style="font-size: 14pt;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: black; font-style: normal; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">se puso en su tumba o en el zócalo de una
estatua erigida en Roma en su honor</span></em><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Hacia 1260-62, la historia la recogerá <b><a href="https://es.qaz.wiki/wiki/Stephen_of_Bourbon" target="_blank">Esteban de Bourbon</a></b> (también dominico) en su <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">T<i>ractatus de diversis materiis praedicabilibus.</i> </span>Y más tarde, <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki" target="_blank">Bartolomeo de Lucca</a></b>.</span></p><div id="ftn1"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">Será </span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Opava" target="_blank">Martín de Opava</a></b><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"> (Martín el Polaco, </span><i style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Martín Polonus</i><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">, Martín de Troppau), en </span><i style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="https://data.mgh.de/ext/epub/mt/mvt017v018r.htm" target="_blank">Chronicon pontificum et imperatorum</a></i><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">, hacia 1277-78 (aunque no se publicaría hasta 1477),
quién al escribir la lista papal, incluye el nombre de Juana. </span></div>
</div><div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"><br /></div>
</div><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Post hunc Leonem Johannes Anglicus natione Maguntinus sedit annis II,
mensibus V, diebus IIII or, et mortuus est Rome, et cessavit papatus mense I.
Hic, ut asseritur, femina fuit, et in puellari etate a quodam </span></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">También relatará que la mujer había
nacido en Maguncia, subiendo al trono después de León IV (855) y reinó dos
años, siete meses y cuatro días. Disfrazada de hombre, se dirige con su amante
a Atenas. Hace grandes progresos en las ciencias, yendo a Roma a enseñarlas.
Por su sabiduría y probidad fue elegida papa. De camino de San Pedro a Letrán,
le sobrevino el parto, muriendo en seguida y siendo enterrada en Letrán. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">La</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"> obra de Martín de Opava fue traducida a numerosos
idiomas y tuvo una gran influencia en la historiografía de la Edad Media. En el siglo XV esta obra será tomada como referencia por otros autores, como así hizo <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartmann_Schedel" target="_blank">Hartmann Schedel</a>.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sin embargo, existen
otros finales para la supuesta papisa. Ver J<a href="http://norogaca.blogspot.com/2011/09/juana-el-papa-que-fue-mujer.html" target="_blank">uana, el papa que fue mujer</a>.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">La leyenda siguió su curso durante la Baja Edad Media. En el </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 18.6667px;">el </span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">siglo XIV </b><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 18.6667px;">todavía no se sabía exactamente el nombre de la mujer, unos decían que se llamaba Juana, otros, Inés, Gilverta o Glancia o Jutta. E</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">l teólogo <b><a href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08407a.htm" target="_blank">Jan Hus</a></b> (1370-1415), en el Concilio de Constanza, se
refirió a la papisa, sin que nadie cuestionara su existencia. </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Hacia 1400 se puso la imagen de la papisa Juana en la catedral de Siena
(la estatua ya no está: </span><a href="https://observador552602412.wordpress.com/2018/03/17/el-origen-de-la-leyenda-de-papisa-juana/" style="font-size: 14pt;" target="_blank">El origen de la Papisa Juana</a><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">). </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Pero será a partir de mediados del <b>siglo XV</b>, cuando
algunos eruditos, como <b><a href="http://www.quenotelacuenten.org/apologetica/website/index1c01.html?id=4456" target="_blank">Eneas Silvius</a></b> (<a href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0932/_P2.HTM" target="_blank"><i>Epistulae</i></a>) y <b>Platina</b>
(<i><a href="http://weblioteca.uv.es/cgi/view.pl?sesion=202102021102085131&source=uv_im_b15264403&div=1" target="_blank">Vitae Pontificum</a></i>), cuestionan esta historia. </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Y ya desde el </span><b style="font-size: 14pt;">siglo XVI</b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">
se comienza a negar la existencia de la papisa: </span><b style="font-size: 14pt;"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onuphrius_Panvinius" target="_blank">Onofrio Panvinio</a></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> (</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">que continuó el <i>Vitae Pontificum</i> de Platina, 1557</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">), </span><b style="font-size: 14pt;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Aventinus" target="_blank">Aventinus</a></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> (</span><i style="font-size: 14pt;">Annales Bojorum</i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">, lib.
IV), </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Baronio" style="font-size: 14pt;" target="_blank"><b>Baronius</b> </a><span style="font-size: 14pt;">(</span><a href="https://archive.org/details/A204053" style="font-size: 14pt;" target="_blank">A<i>nnales Ecclesiastici</i></a><span style="font-size: 14pt;">, n. 5), así como otros.</span></p>
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Pero he aquí, que nos encontramos con otras teorías: </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">-A </span></span><b style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Juan VIII</span></b><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; text-align: left;"> se le llamó Juana por ser un hombre afeminado y débil.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="font-size: 18.6667px;">-Benedicto III</b><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> fue una mujer disfrazada de hombre, engañando a todo el mundo, durante casi tres años, porque ¡no había costumbre de bañarse, la limpieza se hacía por partes y en privado, así como acudir al retrete!</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">-La papisa Juana fue una mujer disfrazada de hombre, ejerciendo su papado entre los años 856-858. En el año 2018 se publicó un libro titulado, </span><i style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Papisa Juana. ¿El pontificado
encubierto de una mujer o una leyenda ficticia</i><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">? En él, sus autores especulan con varías ideas. Entre ellas destaco las siguientes:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">*La posible muerte del papa León IV (para que encaje el pontificado de Benedicto III). </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">*El</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"> tipo de indumentaria que se estiló en el siglo IX, así como el peinado carolingio, y que los hombres de iglesia se rasuraban </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 18.6667px;">(¡entendemos que los papas se rasuraban las barbas ellos mismos!) </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">consiguiendo de este modo, como en el caso de Benedicto III, engañar a todo el mundo. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">*Las crónicas atribuidas a </span><b style="font-size: 14pt;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cord_Bote" target="_blank">Conrad Bothon</a> </b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">(finales del siglo XV, </span><a href="https://books.google.es/books?id=2Uz2XwNO3l4C&pg=RA2-PA299&dq=%22Pawese+Johannes%22&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjR9Ie78cruAhUHEFkFHT4xD8QQ6AEwBnoECAgQAg#v=onepage&q=%22Pawese%20Johannes%22&f=false" style="font-size: 14pt;" target="_blank">Scriptores rerum Brunsuicensium</a><span style="font-size: 14pt;">), donde se habla de un papa Johannes (no especifica</span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> si es hombre o mujer) </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">que coronó a un Luis como emperador de Roma en el año 856 (pero </span><b style="font-size: 14pt;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_II_el_Joven" target="_blank">Luis II el Joven</a></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> fue coronado emperador en solitario en el año 855). </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRYaCe75EduIjLdwGSX3zeJiJaWWx1Xrzan_eb7h3MupX51wI8vwhfn6aIHmO32Dmw-GxBuv1ZQvpBZYHfoz646T74AEGXiLgeg9Y_3eaOi7eDJJtKcFpDkG8Ovdx-SdKt6mcnJNlUUufP/s643/bothon.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="129" data-original-width="643" height="128" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRYaCe75EduIjLdwGSX3zeJiJaWWx1Xrzan_eb7h3MupX51wI8vwhfn6aIHmO32Dmw-GxBuv1ZQvpBZYHfoz646T74AEGXiLgeg9Y_3eaOi7eDJJtKcFpDkG8Ovdx-SdKt6mcnJNlUUufP/w640-h128/bothon.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr></tr></tbody></table><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">*Y el
estudio de unas <a href="https://www.numisbids.com/n.php?p=lot&sid=2115&lot=1294" target="_blank">monedas de plata</a>, que los autores comparan con las letras
y diseño de unas monedas del papa Juan VIII con la leyenda Carlos el Calvo, realizando, además, un estudio grafológico. En este estudio, entre otras cosas, destacan la gran inteligencia de la supuesta papisa y que pudo </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">«haber tenido conocimientos adicionales en doctrinas
metafísicas, es decir, tradiciones de obras antiguas que no han sido apropiadas
para el pensamiento cristiano.»</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></div></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghdxKeFoYHErBtRCaSxg5OVI_6VphIJKHtZYNdl8bKjHsbKeiR_MSYVykk4MzrP-cfV33d26wf2isugEbbiNKvyptpXxE0VV2l60VFiftO3lL0eO4e85gnNSe4ZwBJxjNfnIywT5TYKS8Z/s1393/image01294.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="702" data-original-width="1393" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghdxKeFoYHErBtRCaSxg5OVI_6VphIJKHtZYNdl8bKjHsbKeiR_MSYVykk4MzrP-cfV33d26wf2isugEbbiNKvyptpXxE0VV2l60VFiftO3lL0eO4e85gnNSe4ZwBJxjNfnIywT5TYKS8Z/w400-h201/image01294.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces117467.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="353" data-original-width="356" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBpv_ZINJxFp8wTrTs8rYmuSFlttvu07n00Z7juZ2YIk8zJbJ1H2wGjuEQlQXISDIAA_zC00iwqjMiiNkZx_8YSf4mNijfAqtaThEKfXrH16A6M8rGyPTRot08SiqwCuL5av1g3tiJdfX0/w200-h198/980-original.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUnQARfVs44sa_X2I_y1wj2lZYkUwKgxXBrXWSaty2grau1EeWGDLpCTU8XwaG6m3YwCEpgFuRCZYoOfN12VkX-m3nTNmkWwXEuCl2dnqCt-Svr8k2taPSHWs-7m0tR3tvUi3gbC0oyJ6N/s352/981-original.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="346" data-original-width="352" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUnQARfVs44sa_X2I_y1wj2lZYkUwKgxXBrXWSaty2grau1EeWGDLpCTU8XwaG6m3YwCEpgFuRCZYoOfN12VkX-m3nTNmkWwXEuCl2dnqCt-Svr8k2taPSHWs-7m0tR3tvUi3gbC0oyJ6N/w200-h197/981-original.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><span style="text-align: left;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">No soy entendida en numismática, pero en mi búsqueda sobre este tema todavía no
he encontrado ningún experto que dé por cierta la teoría de Habicht. Sí que
he encontrado que las monedas de la supuesta papisa están </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">perfectamente</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> datadas como pertenecientes al papa Juan VIII, cuyo papado coincidió con el reinado de </span></span></span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;">Luis II el Joven </b><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;">(825-875). Estamos entonces, ante una
moneda </span><i style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;">taq</i><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> (límite antes del cual), es decir, se superponen los años 872
(tpq) y 876 (taq). En este enlace, <a href="https://www.geschichtsforum.de/thema/paepstin-johanna.10676/page-10" target="_blank">Päpstin Johana</a>, hay una discusión muy interesante que recomiendo leer.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">Para terminar, la famosa </span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">silla palpita</b><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"> (de la que hablaré en otra entrada), junto con algunas novelas como, por ejemplo, la de </span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Emmanuil Roídis</b><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"> (1836-1904), </span><i style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">La Papisa Juana: estudio sobre la Edad Media</i><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">, y la de </span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Giambattist Casti</b><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">, </span><i style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">La Pappesa</i><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">, así como libros y películas han contribuido a mantener la leyenda.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">En resumen: no se sabe de ella
durante tres siglos. Su nombre, patria y años de pontificado no concuerdan. Y,
lo más importante, hay registros de época que precisan que tras León IV,
Benedicto III firmó varios documentos en el año 855. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Bibliografía</span></b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p><ul><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">B. Llorca y otros autores: Historia
de la iglesia Católica en sus cuarto grandes edades: II Edad media (800-1303),
1958.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Joan (newadvent.org)" target="_blank">Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope Joan</a>.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Octavio da Cunha Botelho: The Origin of Popess Joan Legend.
2018.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Ángeles Arce: Una de las Novelle Galanti de Casti en una
traducción inédita en castellano</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Ángeles Arce: La historia de
la papisa Juana en una novela decimonónica: ¿Traducción o adaptación? </span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Francisco Mateos Gago y Fernández: Juana la papisa. 1878.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Antonio Lillo: La papisa Juan
de Roídis y la de Casti: Notas sobre la polémica en torno a las fuentes de la
obra de Roídis. Estudios Románicos, Volumen 16-17, 2007-2008.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Luis Eugenio Silva Cuevas:
Historia de los papas. </span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Irene González Hernando:
<a href="ase de Datos Digital de Iconografía Medieval (ucm.es)" target="_blank">Papisa Juana</a>.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Javier García Blanco: Historia
oculta de los Papas. 2010.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Michael E. Habicht y
Marguerite Spycher: Papisa Juana. ¿El pontificado encubierto de una mujer o una
leyenda ficticia? 2018.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="BENEDETTO III, papa in "Dizionario Biografico" (treccani.it)" target="_blank">Benedicto III</a> </span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Sobre las monedas B<a href="https://www.culturaydeporte.gob.es/dam/jcr:1718a587-29a9-4232-9850-0e7818114ed4/2encuentro-art3.pdf" target="_blank">enedicto III y Lotario I</a> </span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetizaci%C3%B3n_longobarda_de_Benevento" target="_blank">Monetización longobarda de Benevento</a></span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Domenico Promis: Monete dei
pontefici romani avanti il mille, 1858.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Lodovico Antonio Murati:
Dissertazioni sopra le antichità italiane<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Volumen 2, 1836.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">L'Arte di Verificare le Date
dei Fatti Storici Delle Inscrizioni Delle Cronache e di Altri Antichi Monumenti
Innanzi l'Era Cristiana, Vol. 2. 1832.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">El origen de la l<a href="El Origen de la Leyenda de Papisa Juana – Observador Crítico de las Religiones (wordpress.com)" target="_blank">eyenda de la Papisa Juana</a>.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://sicutincensum.wordpress.com/2018/09/19/papal-humiliations-part-2-the-papal-dung-chair/" target="_blank">Papal Humiliation</a></span></li><li><a href="Juan VIII - Historia y Verdad (studylib.es)" target="_blank">Juan VIII, Historia y Verdad</a>.</li><li><b style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">El Católico,
Volumen 2, 1846.</span></b></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Gérard Van Rijnberk: <a href="Le tarot: Histoire, iconographie, ésotérisme - Gérard Van Rijnberk - Google Libros" target="_blank">Le tarot:Histoire, iconographie, ésotérisme</a> </span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Nákladem Občanské tiskárny,
Hlídka, 1915.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="Popess Joan | Catholic Answers" target="_blank">Poppes Joan</a></span></li><li><a href="Liber Pontificalis - Enciclopedia Católica (aciprensa.com)" target="_blank">Liber Pontificalis</a>.</li><li><a href="https://encuentra.com/la_historia_de_los_papas/juan_el_angelical_13382/" target="_blank">Juan "el angelical"</a></li><li><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Miguel Angel Fuentes</span><span style="color: blue; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">: </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">El Teólogo Responde, Volumen 3.</span></li><li><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="Papas de la Iglesia Católica" target="_blank">Papas de la Iglesia.</a></span></li></ul><p></p>
<br /></span></div>Consuelohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17065612406754802718noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-890172540478026014.post-44858955762745571942021-01-28T02:01:00.006-08:002021-01-29T00:27:16.300-08:00Felipe II: ¿El monstruo de los baños?<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><em><b><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%;">Felipe
II</span></b></em><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">, al que se le conoció como el<em><span style="font-style: normal;"> <b>“diablo del Mediodía</b></span></em>”, el “<b>demonio del sur”</b> o el “<b>monstruo del Escorial</b>”,
ya tiene sobre sus espaldas tanta <b>leyenda negra</b>, que parece que uno más no
importa. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Lo indignante es que en el siglo XXI todavía se sigan creando bulos alrededor de su persona.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #0f1419; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><em><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%;">En el
mes de noviembre se escribió este trino en Twitter. </span></em></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><em><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrFikx65l3jjMBgUXVVCZYWH6GUhyntWjyXWmB6Ejwi_8ILvM-iH6MZDSmgiN05uDAavvN6APA56yIBiOrdhPLh4hfp7v6i15hCRVKq8AMRYShxEeFSba59upRSucyJ7UBJXZjbekAs01m/s557/Felipe+II+bulo.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="557" data-original-width="459" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrFikx65l3jjMBgUXVVCZYWH6GUhyntWjyXWmB6Ejwi_8ILvM-iH6MZDSmgiN05uDAavvN6APA56yIBiOrdhPLh4hfp7v6i15hCRVKq8AMRYShxEeFSba59upRSucyJ7UBJXZjbekAs01m/w528-h640/Felipe+II+bulo.png" width="528" /></a></em></div><em><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></em><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #0f1419; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><em style="color: black; font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 21.4667px;">Pasó sin pena ni gloria hasta que lo vi hace dos días. Por supuesto, los pocos comentarios que había eran similares al que escribió el tuitero </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;">fran55. </span></em></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #0f1419; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><em style="color: black; font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 21.4667px;">Tras retuitearlo, se produjo una maravillosa cascada de críticas.</span></em></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #0f1419; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Pero vayamos a lo importante, ¿prohibió Felipe II que la gente se bañara?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #0f1419; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">La idea de la existencia de tal prohibición es completamente ridícula. </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #0f1419; font-size: 14pt;">Pero como hay gente que, asombrosamente, se cree cualquier cosa, veamos qué es lo que ordenó el rey:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">En una obra<i> </i>de 1640-1641 se recopilaron las pragmáticas de Felipe II:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>“Recopilación de las Leyes de estos
reinos, hecha por mandado de la majestad católica del rey don Felipe Segundo
nuestro señor, que se ha mandado imprimir, con las leyes que después de la
última impresión se han publicado por la majestad católica del rey don Felipe
Quarto el grande, nuestro señor</i></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">” </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Y en el libro octavo, título II, capítulo </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>Ley XVIII Que en el Reyno de Granada no aya baños
artificiales </i>podemos leer lo siguiente:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><i></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKr7Rto3HBhWt6bqQaERqm8l-rxwuc0eNNI6EKmU1S50j98zpUincpwxCuSMKGhwiXwO6kOX4tslmgzKnyEze5VSaJIJjiNPXMc4c3JakrqlaXxLA-tLm1qKj-4NukfimtIqneOAJbEDS0/s470/pragm%25C3%25A1tica.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="470" data-original-width="336" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKr7Rto3HBhWt6bqQaERqm8l-rxwuc0eNNI6EKmU1S50j98zpUincpwxCuSMKGhwiXwO6kOX4tslmgzKnyEze5VSaJIJjiNPXMc4c3JakrqlaXxLA-tLm1qKj-4NukfimtIqneOAJbEDS0/w458-h640/pragm%25C3%25A1tica.png" width="458" /></a></i></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #0f1419; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Como podemos leer, sólo se refiere a Granada y, esto es
importante, a los <b>baños artificiales</b> que usaban los moriscos para las abluciones
que el islam exigía. Dichos baños, no eran necesariamente lugares con bañeras o
piscinas para introducir todo el cuerpo, sino “lavabos”, de donde se sacaba el agua con ayuda de otro recipiente. Por lo tanto, idénticos a los baños
cristianos.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Es cierto que ya
desde finales del <b>siglo XV</b> comienzan a cerrarse numerosas instalaciones. Fueron varias las razones, siendo la principal el temor al contagio de determinadas
enfermedades. Sin embargo, en el <b>siglo XVI</b>, seguirán
funcionando algunos baños y se mantendrán los de los hospitales y monasterios, al mismo tiempo que habrá un gran surgimiento de
recintos donde se practicaban los llamados baños medicinales: El agua se seguirá utilizando como remedio para la
salud.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Además, ya desde el siglo XV, va aumentando el número de</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"> aljibes y pozos públicos, y en las casas
particulares los pozos serán compartidos. La limpieza o aseo personal nunca se descuidó. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bibliografía:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pasa saber más: <a href="https://opusincertumhispanicus.blogspot.com/2016/03/la-higiene-desde-la-edad-media-hasta-el.html" target="_blank">La higiene desde la Edad Media hasta el siglo XVII</a>.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Leopoldo Martínez Reguera: Bibliografía.
Hidrológico-Médica española, 1892.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">María Isabel del Val
Valdivieso: Usos del agua en las ciudades castellanas del siglo XV.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Araceli Moreno Col: Diferentes
percepciones del Arte Islámico: Una primera aproximación a través del baño de
vapor (SS. XV-XX.)</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Isabel Colón Calderón: Baños
rituales y baños burgueses en la narrativa española de los Siglos de Oro.</span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Manuel Espinar Moreno:
Documentos sobre baños de Granada y su provincia. </span></li><li><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">Jorge A. Eiroa Rodríguez: Los baños de
Fortuna: Un ejemplo de termalismo medieval en la región de Murcia.</span></li></ul><p></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></p>Consuelohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17065612406754802718noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-890172540478026014.post-72046404278109572942020-09-08T03:32:00.002-07:002021-02-15T05:30:03.861-08:00El "aplastamanos", o cómo hacer el ridículo en las Redes Sociales<br />
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<a href="https://www.taringa.net/+arte/instrumentos-de-tortura-antiguos_138wax"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></a></div>
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<a href="https://www.taringa.net/+arte/instrumentos-de-tortura-antiguos_138wax" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="604" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgETRfy8MTNSeO02cKtBCIlBfMssqxIR9k89kJFtxQmLR_baZ4n-n0hiP-MCq70a2OyGbdqrQDFT0ne2jvGDdFv8Wn2BzbTKIF1pO83BDWJuZN3EXbEMv5Tj1OPg0kZ0ASx9g_SZirY5zhV/s400/torture_instruments_collection_of_the_last_french_executioner_640_17.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Hoy toca hablar de este… mmmmm… esta cosa.</span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">El 28 de agosto un tuitero escribió esto en su cuenta:</span></div>
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<a href="https://twitter.com/anluma99/status/1299420682456117254" target="_blank"><img alt="https://twitter.com/anluma99/status/1299420682456117254" border="0" data-original-height="591" data-original-width="489" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvatba1VFRLRIBFFVazoCoXRvTEcmBAbejKZGM_uPW3MzZzNfknFegCaijYMkDc4sc3O0DXoqli1v9iq9xF6nrZH9z2-VKmr9gDU6x_a5KNcerPcZ22i4NqgEckibmmCcMBIdPNfWhep7H/s400/XV.png" width="330" /><span id="goog_1009516742"></span></a><span id="goog_1009516743"></span></div>
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<span class="tlid-translation"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Este mismo
párrafo lo encontré en una cuenta de facebook, publicado seis días antes, el 22 de agosto:</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.facebook.com/dario.camposrodriguez/posts/3160849877363439" target="_blank"><img alt="https://www.facebook.com/dario.camposrodriguez/posts/3160849877363439" border="0" data-original-height="569" data-original-width="549" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhat1sMnYe0U6g_X5VB8c_xz_yo-j0VBf9KypQ6hnWxmhYU6Oy5DAEzh82HOnHNqrJZ-HiAh0qbrnE_rtg9p7b3PEsz67DmZd0mjXvBa2CNqaLKVK6yZXddYGiF-_OaiPntasZ6b9KOoMQT/s320/feisbuc.png" width="308" /></a></div>
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<span class="tlid-translation"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Por
supuesto, el aparatito de marras no fue «inventado en el siglo XV por
sacerdotes para fracturar los dedos y las manos de científicos y artistas
acusados de herejía». Pero, además, no hay documentos sobre la existencia de otro tipo de aparato que se usara para tales fines.</span></span><span class="tlid-translation"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(1)</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="tlid-translation"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Como en el caso de la <a href="https://revisioneshistoricasopusincertum.blogspot.com/2020/07/la-doncella-de-hierro.html">doncella de hierro</a>, la <a href="https://revisioneshistoricasopusincertum.blogspot.com/2020/04/juguetes-decimononicos-la-pera-oral-o.html">pera vaginal </a>y el
<a href="https://revisioneshistoricasopusincertum.blogspot.com/2020/04/el-desgarrador-de-senos-una-fantasia.html">desgarrador de senos</a>, estos artilugios solo sirvieron para
llenar parques temáticos sobre instrumentos de torturas (me niego desde ya a
usar el término museo). En concreto, este perteneció a la <a href="https://www.dailystar.com.lb/ArticlePrint.aspx?id=168679&mode=print">colección privada</a> de <a href="https://klyker.com/torture-instruments-of-fernand-meysonnier-74-photos/?fbclid=IwAR0CHjkXQToPxTQrdt1AOsLDi-nO7lolahg9auAmvPltDagedI4tHgYHgMg"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fernand Meyssonnier</b></a>, el último verdugo
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="tlid-translation"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Durante la búsqueda que he realizado sobre el instrumento </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="tlid-translation"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">(2)</span></span></span><span class="tlid-translation"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">, he encontrado otros más
prácticos, y más de bolsillo, al que llaman aplastapulgares, cuyo aspecto nos vuelve a llevar a los parques temático sobre la tortura (que mucha gente utiliza como fuentes fidedignas para señalar a la Inquisición española):</span></span></div>
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<span class="tlid-translation"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture#Gr%C3%A9sillons_ou_poucettes"><img alt="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture#Gr%C3%A9sillons_ou_poucettes" border="0" data-original-height="158" data-original-width="220" height="143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUv3zaaa_SxTLzBrefu7tvk21yB5W8hob1HAYzUnPlP4izxsxlNiygBWdgpzRv7wO_J65mxDxqT7NwTZAoPV7-bo_D3EDtSqmUE5yZk3AJpzBKKH2PgAd1Ci_QIhFIegbj5QopYyJZ-v0-/s200/220px-Arkeos_poucette_1.JPG" width="200" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumbscrew_(torture)"><img alt="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumbscrew_(torture)" border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="800" height="135" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgru8gag4dgId-CpU9LRmbN0C0iONVBeWFNa2Xebj5EsHxtVZ067VQWtffBzgTiXUXO9BD7bXKkl7fHPXwHaB5IhEClI7qVG6QiaAOYfHQxDkmR5stixB6Zcd5eEGuFGaF1SQPmM2-HnMVj/s200/800px-Thumbscrews_dsc05365.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.museumoflondonprints.com/image/68217/two-hand-crushers-17th-18th-century"><img alt="https://www.museumoflondonprints.com/image/68217/two-hand-crushers-17th-18th-century" border="0" data-original-height="331" data-original-width="428" height="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ0fMQaPfKCbl40OHt4d1F0dg3pMJzN1vwEQ8pUzTZKPEtd7ODSWEyWSKla2A6pTuxmPHyhMvhJKGMfqUddHdveh3fYHz4KQ1djld0TGDVRqNmxw5xN4pq51mdcfU-aMj9WmyktQGuMFig/s200/68217.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 16pt;">En los libros, por supuesto, se cita su existencia. Pongo unos pocos ejemplos:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;">-Fritz Straffer, un escritor de novelas de terror
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<![endif]--><span class="tlid-translation"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">escribe que en </span></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Escocia, la
tortura se siguió usando mucho tiempo después de que se abandonara en
Inglaterra y que se usaba el </span><span class="tlid-translation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">thumbiken</span></i></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. Este aparato </span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">era de hierro, se sujetaba a una mesa con
un tornillo y se apretaba los pulgares con la parte superior.</span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Scott, además, hace referencia al trabajo de J. Jamieson y, con cierta ironía, indica que, si bien el país de la inquisición era ciertamente el lugar adecuado
de donde podría venir un instrumento tan agradable, no se puede aceptar como
bueno porque en el <a href="https://electricscotland.com/hiStory/domestic/vol2ch5f.htm">relato</a> sobre la muerte del rey <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England">Charles II</a> le da una llegada
al pais muy posterior.</span><br />
<br />
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<span class="gtxtbody"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">«26
July (1684), <i>et diebus sequentibus. </i>“Mr. Spence, Argyles' servant, is
again tortured with the thumbikens, a new invention, and discovered by Generals
Dalyell and Drummond, who saw them used in Muscovy;»</span></span></div>
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para comprimir dedos y que fue usado por la justicia civil, tanto en España como en otras partes de Europa, y que algunos autores llaman <b>guante</b>: </span></span></div>
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<span class="tlid-translation"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;">-En “Seminario
pintoresco español” (1836) se<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cita una
tortura, curiosamente china, sin especificar el nombre y sin poner fuentes:</span></span></div>
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<span class="tlid-translation"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt;">«unos trocitos de madera que se
ponen entre los dedos del acusado; se ata la mano por medio de cuerdas que se
van estrechando gradualmente hasta producir un crujido de huesos.»</span></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;">-Pío Baroja,
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barras que le comprimían los brazos;» </span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">-Ricard
García Cárcel, en “Herejes: Judíos y moriscos” (2005), escribe que en 1563 a un
reo se le aplicó el <b>guante de hierro</b>, pero no describe el aparato.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%;">A <a href="http://www.softrevolutionzine.org/2014/il-processo-per-stupro-nel-600-il-caso-di-artemisia-gentileschi/">Artemisia</a></span></i><a href="http://www.softrevolutionzine.org/2014/il-processo-per-stupro-nel-600-il-caso-di-artemisia-gentileschi/"><span class="st"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i></span><i><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%;">Gentileschi</span></i></a><span class="tlid-translation"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> se le aplicó la tortura "della sibilla o dei
sibilli”: consistía en atar con cuerdas los pulgares, o entre los dedos, y se
apretaba.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="reference-text"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Para terminar, veamos ahora que nos cuentan dos autores del <b>siglo XVII</b>, uno español y otro francés, que nos darán una idea más correcta sobre el sistema empleado:</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="tlid-translation"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">-<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sebastián de Covarrubias</b>, “Tesoros de la
lengua castellana o española (1611),</span></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">empulguera:</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1WcLtCrAFU9wkr04GZ1dJciRilPBQwf8kRsNxaLjRkJ8acY-LZuFUnJV2n3yZbRnd3RRN9dwt6DL45hsJhRVLflfsNI1HvTTAgczHUDbLOgdeul4dc1bYKkAKh4cY8CBmamkOESQ46yd6/s1600/Empulgera.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="285" data-original-width="360" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1WcLtCrAFU9wkr04GZ1dJciRilPBQwf8kRsNxaLjRkJ8acY-LZuFUnJV2n3yZbRnd3RRN9dwt6DL45hsJhRVLflfsNI1HvTTAgczHUDbLOgdeul4dc1bYKkAKh4cY8CBmamkOESQ46yd6/s400/Empulgera.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;">-<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Claude Le Brun de La Rochette</b>, “<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Les procez civil et
criminel, divisé en cinq libres…” (1611), describe el <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“<b>grésillons</b>” como cordones o cordeles que se colocaban entre los dedos a modo de red (incluso se podía colocar “maderas”) y
luego se apretaban con fuerza. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyUEDr9ea9YUtnfUVqb4OeRVen-S1VzFktzFg6TtPJ34WqWpZ0uridrsVK4A09l1VkVPFjqlhrFe38MGKA1BxFlUf-rV2pWAssKoyQlt6afxHt9JI_cQ6aPdlp_GvwIxadb5RO7Q32Kd2a/s1600/francia.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="447" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyUEDr9ea9YUtnfUVqb4OeRVen-S1VzFktzFg6TtPJ34WqWpZ0uridrsVK4A09l1VkVPFjqlhrFe38MGKA1BxFlUf-rV2pWAssKoyQlt6afxHt9JI_cQ6aPdlp_GvwIxadb5RO7Q32Kd2a/s320/francia.png" width="317" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="css-901oao"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">(1)
Algún día haré una entrada sobre los aparatos que sí fueron usados por la <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Inquisición española</b>, pero por ahora comentaré que la institución prohibía </span></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">el derramamiento de sangre, dañar
internamente al reo, inutilizando </span><span class="css-901oao"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">algún
miembro, y ocasionar la muerte. La tortura se aplicaba a las personas que podía
soportarla, no podían durar más de </span></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">15 minutos y tenía que haber un
médico presente.</span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span class="tlid-translation"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">(2)
Nombre en otros idiomas: Pilniewinks, hand-crusher, thumbikens,</span></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span class="tlid-translation">thumbscrews, daumenschraube, </span><i><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"">tortura</span></i><span class="st">
della </span><i><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"">Sibilla</span></i><span class="st">, </span><span class="tlid-translation">schiacciare i pollici,
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<li><span class="tlid-translation"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Manual
de Inquisidores, Compendio del Directorio de Inquisidores, NICOLAO EYMERICO, edición
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<li><span class="tlid-translation"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Francisco
José Muñóz Vivas: Los orígenes de la Inquisición. El manual de los inquisidores
de Nicolas Eymeric.</span></span></li>
<li><a href="https://ambitojuridico.com.br/edicoes/revista-10/procedimientos-juridicos-del-tribunal-de-la-inquisicion/?fbclid=IwAR1BnAiEgdPZPlWazGIYOPQajJgIdy5J-w9g7c5egS9wrquR-uHLT1qQQlE"><span class="tlid-translation"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Procedimientos jurídicos del Tribunal de la Inquisición</span></span></a></li>
<li><span class="tlid-translation"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.e-torredebabel.com/historia/inquisicion/inquisidores-interrogatorio-del-reo-c3.htm?fbclid=IwAR1wtRon8C3S-KL8n55J8EZIOvrGnujs0ELHdM2f6PkVFshANfD22ckHZawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumbscrew_(torture)#cite_note-Cochrane-2">Manual de inquisidores</a> </span></span></li>
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<li><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt;">Giornale
di erudizione artistica, Volumen 5, 1876</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Giuseppe Esposito</span>: ArtemisiaTra arte e cronaca
nera,</li>
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<li><a href="https://issuu.com/uomodellarinascita/docs/smrt_170_willumsen_-_witches_of_the"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt;">LivHelene Willumsen: Witches of the north Scotland and Finnmark, 2013.</span></a></li>
<li><span class="reference-text"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Frédéric
Delacroix, <i>Les procès de sorcellerie au XVIIe siècle</i>, p.273, Éd. G.
Havard fils, Paris, 1896: </span></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://archive.org/stream/b24884212/b24884212_djvu.txt">https://archive.org/stream/b24884212/b24884212_djvu.txt</a><span class="reference-text"> </span></span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Daniel
Sueiro: <span class="fn">El arte de matar, </span>1968.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k54923233/f172.item.r=gr%C3%A9sillon.texteImage"><span id="documentAuthorText">Histoire de la procédure criminelle en France et spécialement de la procédure </span></a></li>
<li><span id="documentAuthorText"> </span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Emilia </span><span style="transform: scaleX(0.96879);">Salvador
</span><span style="transform: scaleX(0.965877);">Esteban</span>: Tortura y
penas corporales en la Valencia foral moderna. El reinado del Fernando el
Católico</li>
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<![endif]-->Consuelohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17065612406754802718noreply@blogger.com20tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-890172540478026014.post-19454456384707668952020-08-26T07:09:00.000-07:002020-08-26T07:47:32.994-07:00La Peste Negra, una enfermedad que no hizo distingos religiosos<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="tlid-translation"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">¿Los judios m</span></span><span class="tlid-translation"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span><span class="tlid-translation"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">urieron
menos durante la Peste Negra en Europa
porque eran más higiénicos? </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="tlid-translation"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-1qd0xha r-ad9z0x r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbo-6cy0s-FCtf4awtF3lhutHvKogDc0dr_IFmbd1EOGexR57kBqrwTZljgRPwnmfMWpAhK1UK3329VeWCmNd4skeK_SguWIlfBxQayG4IttBjMEoPOnOz6us6N786GxmekbUqPmiGmauL/s1600/tf-peste-web-TF.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="722" data-original-width="1200" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbo-6cy0s-FCtf4awtF3lhutHvKogDc0dr_IFmbd1EOGexR57kBqrwTZljgRPwnmfMWpAhK1UK3329VeWCmNd4skeK_SguWIlfBxQayG4IttBjMEoPOnOz6us6N786GxmekbUqPmiGmauL/s400/tf-peste-web-TF.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="tlid-translation"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">No hay datos ni fuentes, sobre todo sobre demografía, que nos indiquen que esto fue
así. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">En un artículo aparecido en marzo de 2020, <b><a href="https://www.jta.org/2020/03/06/opinion/history-shows-that-epidemics-can-carry-dangerous-side-effects-for-jews-deadly-anti-semitism">Henry<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Abramson</a></b> escribió lo
siguiente: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">«I’ve
read all kinds of wishful thinking on this topic: Some hold that Jews dodged
the plague because they were inherently cleaner (they do wash their hands sans
soap before eating bread, but bathing in the 14th century was at most a weekly
affair). Also, since there’s an assumed historical tradition for Jews not
keeping dogs as pets, the Jewish cats kept the rats away, along with their
plague-bearing fleas. These are wonderful, heartwarming theories. It’s just too
bad there’s no historical evidence to support them.»</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Traduzco
gracias a Google:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="tlid-translation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">He leído todo tipo de
ilusiones sobre este tema: algunos sostienen que los judíos esquivaron la plaga
porque eran inherentemente más limpios (se lavan las manos sin jabón antes de
comer pan, pero bañarse en el siglo XIV era como mucho un asunto semanal).
Además, dado que existe una supuesta tradición histórica de que los judíos no
tengan perros como mascotas, los gatos judíos mantuvieron alejadas a las ratas,
junto con sus pulgas portadoras de la plaga</span></i></span><span class="tlid-translation"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="tlid-translation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Estas son teorías
maravillosas y reconfortantes. Es una lástima que no haya evidencia histórica
que los respalde.</span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="tlid-translation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">En todo caso, los
judíos tendían a sufrir plagas a un ritmo mayor que la población en general,
sobre todo porque estaban mucho más urbanizados que el campesinado (la plaga es
parte de lo que algunos estudiosos llaman la "pena de salud urbana")
y tenían una tasa mucho más alta nivel de contacto con personas potencialmente
infectadas. En muchas ciudades vivían en barrios extremadamente estrechos,
rodeados por restricciones de residencia, a menudo con fuentes limitadas de
agua apenas potable</span></i></span><span class="tlid-translation"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.”</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="tlid-translation"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pero veamos fuentes del propio <b>siglo XIV</b>:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="tlid-translation"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">El 26 de septiembre de 1348-1350, el papa Clemente VI emite
la bula <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Quamvis Perfidiam</i>, descargando de culpa a los judíos como causante de la Peste: </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="tlid-translation"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">«Et
quamvis Iudeos eosdem, ubi culpabiles aut conscii forsan essent tanti flagitii,
cui vix posset excogitari pena sufficens, digna et severa, vellemus
animadversione percelli, quia tamen per diversa mundi climata, Iudeos ipsos et
alias nationes plurimas, que cohabitationem Iudeorum eorundem non noverant,
pestis hec ubique fere communis afflixit, occulto Dei iudicio, et affligit, et
proinde verisimilitudo non recipit, quod Iudei predicti occasionem tanto
flagicio prestiterint sive causam, universitati vestre per apostolica scripta
mandamus, quatenus singuli vestrum, qui super hoc fueritis requisiti, in
ecclesiis vestris intra missarum solempnia, cum populis inibi convenerit ad
divina,… »</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="tlid-translation"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">La traducción sería más o menos así:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
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<span class="tlid-translation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Y aunque podríamos desear que estos
mismos judíos fueran culpables de participar en tan gran indignación (para
quienes difícilmente se podía pensar en un castigo suficiente, digno y severo)
y fueran castigados con el castigo; <span title="">a pesar de todo, porque en
muchas y varias partes del mundo que no conocen la convivencia con estos mismos
judíos, esta plaga ha afligido y afligido a la comunidad en todas partes debido
al juicio secreto de Dios, por lo tanto, la prueba de que los judíos
mencionados son responsables <span title="">no se sostiene como explicación o
causa de tan gran indignación.</span></span></span></i></span><span class="tlid-translation"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></div>
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<span class="tlid-translation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><span title=""><span title=""></span></span></i></span><span class="tlid-translation"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></div>
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<span class="tlid-translation"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Conrad de Megenberg</span></b></span><span class="tlid-translation"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, monje dominico, en “Buch
der Natur” (1349-1350) escribe:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">«Man fand in zahlreichen Brunnen mit Gift gefüllte
Säckchen. Deshalb wurde eine nicht festzustellende Zahl von Juden im Rheinland,
in Franken und in allen deutschen Landen ermordet. Dabei weiß ich wahrhaftig
nicht, ob dies einige Juden überhaupt getan haben. Wäre dies so gewesen, so
hätte dies gewiß das Unheil verschlimmert. Andererseits weiß ich aber sehr
wohl, daß keine andere Stadt mehr Juden zählte als Wien. Dort waren aber unter
den Juden die der Seuche erliegenden Opfer so zahlreich, daß sie ihren Friedhof
in großem Umfang erweitern und zwei Grundstücke kaufen mußten. Sie wären also
recht dumm gewesen, sich selbst zu vergiften.»</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">En numerosos pozos se encontraron
sacos llenos de veneno. Por lo tanto, un número indeterminado de judíos fue
asesinado en Renania, Franconia y en todas las tierras alemanas. Realmente no
sé si algunos judíos hicieron esto en absoluto. Si este hubiera sido el caso,
sin duda habría empeorado el desastre. Por otro lado, sé muy bien que ninguna
otra ciudad tenía más judíos que Viena. Allí, sin embargo, las víctimas de la
plaga entre los judíos eran tan numerosas que tuvieron que ampliar su
cementerio a gran escala y comprar dos terrenos. De modo que habría sido muy
tonto envenenarse</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="264" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTfCrIBkDuc1QYfICWx5Pr7UgGf5cXPEy9HqmeB46MQOdyDRMsYuE6Jx1dPQcr5uRHzsd4iLL04DCHMMWjSrPmM6-MM49BEW43Yd2_IdfO0De7pQlJlU5LKKtEuyyedHMNanzsJQVNfKpb/s320/Konrad_von_Megenberg_Buch_der_Natur_1481.jpg" width="210" /> </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
Enlace obtenido <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Buch_der_Natur">aquí</a> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Para terminar, Pilar León Tello en “La historia de los
judíos toledanos del siglo XIV en los documentos”, escribe:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>«A mediados de
siglo la judería toledana sufrió una desgracia generalizada con motivo de la
llamada peste negra, una de las mayores epidemias del medioevo. De origen
asiático y traída a Italia, según se cree, por unos malineros genoveses, se
propagó rápidamente por Europa ocasionando la pérdida de un tercio
aproximadamente de la población.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">[…]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Concretamente en Toledo contamos con una fuente
excepcional para su estudio: las inscripciones funerarias del cementerio
hebreo, que nos revelan los nombres de los principales judíos que perdieron sus
vidas entre el verano de 1349 y el otoño del año siguiente. De las 76 lápidas
de que consta la colección epigráfica, una treintena está datada en esas
fechas, y hacen referencia a que fue la peste la enfermedad que los llevó al
sepulcro. Casi todas estas tumbas pertenecían a familias judías de apellidos
ilustres, como los ha-Levi Abulafia, los Ben Aser, los Sosan o Abenxuxen,
etc., y por consiguiente, hay que admitir que habría muchas más bajas entre la
gente humilde, que no tendrían medios ni interés en perpetuar sus nombres con
inscripciones.»</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Bibliografía:</span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Laura Llorens
Bejarano: Los judíos y Nathan el sabio de G. E. Lessing: Propuestas de
tolerancia.</span></li>
<li><a href="http://www.cn-telma.fr/relmin/extrait87469/"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Quamvis perfidiam Iudeorum</span></b></a></li>
<li><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Robert Jütte: Medizin, Gesellschaft und Geschichte.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><a href="https://www.jewishhistory.org/the-black-death/">The Black Death. </a>
</span>
</li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><a href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/jewish/1348-jewsblackdeath.asp">https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/jewish/1348-jewsblackdeath.asp</a>
</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Ulrike
Rücker: Die Pest im Mittelalter-Europas größte demographische Katastrophe </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">McLaurine H. Zentne: </span>THE BLACK
DEATH AND ITS IMPACT ON THE CHURCH AND POPULAR RELIGION. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><a href="http://www.vallenajerilla.com/berceo/lopezjara/muertenegra.htm">La Muerte Negra.</a><br />
</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><a href="https://jewinthepew.org/2015/09/26/26-september-1348-pope-clement-vi-exonerates-jews-from-causing-the-black-death-otdimjh/">Pope Clement VI exonerates jews from causing the Black Death.</a><br />
</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><a href="http://www.cn-telma.fr/relmin/extrait87469/">http://www.cn-telma.fr/relmin/extrait87469/</a></span></li>
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<![endif]-->Consuelohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17065612406754802718noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-890172540478026014.post-20093333102047037272020-07-14T00:56:00.088-07:002023-02-25T02:14:15.750-08:00Doncella de hierro, un instrumento de tortura para crédulos<br /><div class="MsoNormal">
<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 11pt;">«</span></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>La doncella de hierro</b></span></span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 11pt;">»</span></div>
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<img border="0" data-original-height="680" data-original-width="481" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz6g4o53vZyRMo2aXnXypya5u95EL2GjBm0ohVbWKUNdPyALnxWWutDbkwg7mnfgPbwqPVUKRM8nTbyQjxS6yJ4a0on5VWJQjooYMH1XMeCMpFjGJpvMKXxuvlZgBlEzdSLzytdNyohX0P/s640/Doncella+de+hierro.jpg" width="450" /> </div>
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<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: small;">(Imagen obtenida <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiserne_Jungfrau">aquí</a>) </span></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;">Este instrumento no suele faltar en los mal
llamados <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">museos de la tortura y de la
Inquisición</b>. En ellos se muestra</span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;">n réplicas
modernas de la conocida como «Doncella de Nuremberg».</span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;">¿Pero qué instrumento fue realmente? </span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;">Simplemente fue una falsificación alemana de <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">principios
del siglo XIX </b>(y destruida en un bombardeo aliado en 1944). Su autor, <a href="https://www.nordbayern.de/region/nuernberg/15-juni-1967-nurnberger-folterwerkzeug-in-london-1.6245108"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Matthew Peacock</b></a>, utilizó para su
construcción piezas antiguas y se basó en una especie de barril hecho con maderas
y latones que se colocaba como castigo a <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cazadores furtivos y prostitutas en la Alemania</span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;"> de los siglos XVI y XVII. El condenado debía llevarlo durante cierto
tiempo.</span></div>
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<img border="0" data-original-height="407" data-original-width="680" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-gSVxiPWzDWjuxK1-MK1FJk9g56g31xrRGJkaQUYX034Gkx4AenLayx6PreMfGG47-cg0YfUZG4TsF9vT8B-c3gLg-iBrMsphIVs0GGslP0MLJwi_5E4oJFSHG1CFCHYsxLpRmLU46NeM/s400/Doncella+de+hierro2.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;">Sin embargo, el verdadero creador de esta
fantasía fue <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Johann Philipp Siebenkees</b>
(siglo XVIII). El filósofo describe, utilizando una supuesta crónica de 1533 (otros autores dicen que es de 1515), ubicada en Nuremberg, una <span class="tlid-translation">presunta ejecución de un falsificador de monedas. </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZsXLxZLikDlfXgmyrdsGD1IYCx2K3YUFz0OlVwbzPzCrIesqcGw-XSnG5r1sii2AaAB_-Lk3NPve63dH-_uYMl1wrQv6i6VFNMkv0EEoS575qbhdp5m7w9t5qqxJ4Qh0kz_Q6aqAJTguU/s1600/Doncella+de+hierro4.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="123" data-original-width="680" height="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZsXLxZLikDlfXgmyrdsGD1IYCx2K3YUFz0OlVwbzPzCrIesqcGw-XSnG5r1sii2AaAB_-Lk3NPve63dH-_uYMl1wrQv6i6VFNMkv0EEoS575qbhdp5m7w9t5qqxJ4Qh0kz_Q6aqAJTguU/s640/Doncella+de+hierro4.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;"><span class="tlid-translation"> </span></span>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;">Luego vinieron relatos como, por ejemplo, «La squaw» (1893)
de <b>Bram Sotker</b> o «La imaginación decorativa», incluido</span> <span face=""arial" , "sans-serif""><span style="font-size: 14pt;">en «Los tres
impostores» (1895) de </span><b style="font-size: 14pt;">Arthur Machen. </b><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">También</span><b style="font-size: 14pt;"> </b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">novelas y películas (La vergine di Norimberga, 1963)</span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">. Y, por supuesto, los mal llamados museos de la tortura, que son realmente parques temáticos donde muestran </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">artilugios</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> de construidos en el siglo XX.</span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Lo
curioso es que siendo una invención de dos victorianos, al instrumento se le conozca como «Spanish
Mantle», y en Alemania como «Spanischer Mantel».</span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bibliografía:</span></div><ul>
<li><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>The Great Medieval Iron Maiden Hoax of the 18th century (página Web)</li><li>Why Medieval Torture Devices are Not Medieval (página Web)</li><li>Iron Maiden: Where To See This Medieval Device. (página Web)</li><li>Strumenti di Tortura e Inquisizione: I Falsi in cui Avete
Sempre Creduto (página Web)</li><li><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I
musei della tortura contengono solo dei falsi (che l'inquisizione non ha mai
usato) (página Web)</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Larissa Tracy: Torture and
Brutality in Medieval Literature: Negotiations of National Identity.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Life and Death, Honor and Shame in the Turbulent<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sixteenth Century</span></li><li>Why medieval torture devices are not medieval (página Web)</li></ul>
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<![endif]-->Consuelohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17065612406754802718noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-890172540478026014.post-8990917334442971962020-06-04T04:08:00.006-07:002021-11-03T01:06:34.997-07:00La Inquisición española y la prensa divulgadora de bulos<br />
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<span class="cuerpo-texto"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">El
otro día un tuitero utilizó un artículo del ABC, escrito en el 2018, como
fuente para acusar de ciertas atrocidades que había cometido la <b>Inquisición española</b>.</span></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;">1- </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">«</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">La inquisición, el lado oscuro de la iglesia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">»</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">, de Primitivo Martínez
Fernández, 2008.</span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Martínez escribe sobre varios aparatos de tortura, entre ellos </span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">la doncella
de hierro, sin que ponga una nota a pie de página. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">De otras torturas,
sí da la cita, siendo el libro citado </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">«</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">La vida cotidiana en la España de la
Inquisición</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">»</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">, de Fernando Díaz-Plaja (1996), quien fantasea sobre la institución y no nos cuenta de dónde ha obtenido la información.</span></div>
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<img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5C2PUYyvwCQItX_zOIS-jW1RDoNwYVLgc-xfR991-theIFcg_XSb0cae7Fz56H0Q9rEhMd449uzapfotxFYUtQUWutyrRna8oYza1SANSfKveZVCPKCutiK1IXDW4x637nj75Xq920kjR/s320/EGrmPudWsAcB858.jpg" width="240" /> <img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1161" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOaZUP6APPWCEASRRIscx_YCpw08N9o_Aujaa2VIBIEVpXGkav60fKBa0n1AHXJ__6z0xexVONvbGwlTL9y3JHOpLVvxdrSPsKs9CrNJ_UbuVi7bD0G1Wbl8xm7yqd5_9uHw9iP85MN2MH/s320/EGsC7dkXYAUeb_p.jpg" width="232" /></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2. “Misterios de la Inquisición y otras sociedades secretas de España”, de Irene de Suberwick, 1845. (El potro que describe es inventado)</span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">La autora escribió una <a href="http://librosdelsubterraneo.blogspot.com/2012/09/blog-post.html">novela-ensayo anticlerical y negrolegendaria</a>:</span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">3. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">«</span>Origen, Historia Criminal y Juicio de la Iglesia
Católica<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">»</span>, de Luis Muñoz, 2013.</span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Otro libro sin notas a pie de página, donde, ¡bingo!, hay un listado sobre las torturas inquisitoriales, donde mete aparatos inventados en el siglo XIX, como el <a href="https://revisioneshistoricasopusincertum.blogspot.com/2020/04/el-desgarrador-de-senos-una-fantasia.html">desgarrador de senos</a> y el aplasta cabezas. <span style="font-size: x-small;">(1)</span></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">No puedo pedir que borren ese artículo porque parece ser que es censura, y mientras tanto los ignorantes seguirán creyendo estas falsedades. Y no, no me vale que tal vez las investigaciones de las torturas inquisitoriales en el año 2018 estaban en pañales. </span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Pongo un enlace por si alguien quiere buscar información sobre la Inquisición española:</span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://pares.mcu.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/find?nm=&archivo=9&agrupacion=1931&nombreAgrupacion=1.1.+INSTITUCIONES+DE+LA+MONARQU%C3%8DA&fondo=178113&nombreFondo=Tribunal+de+la+Inquisici%C3%B3n+de+Toledo&dia1=01&mes1=01&anio1=1500&fechaInicio=1500-01-01&dia2=31&mes2=12&anio2=1599&fechaFin=1599-12-31&digitalizado=S">PARES.</a></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">(1) Sobre la cuna de Judas, la sierra y el aplasta cabezas haré sus correspondientes entradas.</span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">En las Redes Sociales no es nada
raro encontrar comentarios sobre la poca <b>higiene</b> de los cristianos durante
la <b>Edad Media</b>. Los hay hasta divertidos. Pero ayer me pasaron un tuit de una cuenta que tiene más de 384 mil seguidores.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lean, lean: </span></div>
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<br />
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<a href="https://twitter.com/AfricaFactsZone/status/1265916073397886982?s=20"><img alt="https://twitter.com/AfricaFactsZone/status/1265916073397886982?s=20" border="0" data-original-height="571" data-original-width="601" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCQWu-Yg_I_Hv3NPJNCEL_duQeM6B_1CY-TCUNZvy-HXKxhP1Mg8EyiM1S-YmMYffRjXtiW00vZ0ZLmNbSA8YDJy4x5zadhTHdThs4fSAAhydxq_Ry_zBDjqkl1Q42K-w0idRr1SAOESAr/s400/Higiene+Edad+Media.png" width="400" /></a> </div>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">La traducción sería algo así:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">"¡Los moros africanos del Norte de África conquistaron y
gobernaron España durante 781 años! Ellos gobernaron España desde 711-1492. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pasaron por Marruecos y cruzaron el Estrecho de Gibraltar
para entrar en la Península Ibérica, España. Eran de ascendencia Bereber y Árabe. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Enseñaron a los europeos a bañarse."</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ahora un poco de historia... visigoda: </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidoro_de_Sevilla"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>San Isidoro de Sevilla</b> </span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(siglo VI) </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> escribió en sus<b> Etimologías</b>:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">«<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Las termas se
llaman así porque calientan, […] El apodyterium es el lugar donde depositan sus
vestidos los que van a lavarse […] Propina (taberna) es una palabra griega que,
entre nosotros, de forma corrompida, se dice popina. Es un local próximo a los
baños públicos en el que, después del baño, se reponen los bañistas de su
hambre y su sed</i>.»</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Creo que no hace falta que añada nada más. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
Consuelohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17065612406754802718noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-890172540478026014.post-26632547056648658972020-05-14T01:52:00.006-07:002022-12-04T02:41:06.050-08:00Conquistadores: Ni tanta sed de oro, NI TANTA MUGRE.<br />
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<img border="0" data-original-height="549" data-original-width="383" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl-lv1ASkW_OAZMLt7igeXTgD2YPkn_qXWdrbB8r64qpYooHNYirEIncVtpdttcyy-019DLFrMUJmESTlTpESM5tIlrxMbOx-KbMiZ0mE_IBLFOLcJ7_C5mxbIauvoyAEjzri3ZY0ifU-7/s400/POMA0159.jpg" width="278" /> </div>
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<span style="color: #990000;">(Imagen obtenida <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Arauco#/media/Archivo:POMA0159.jpg">aquí</a>) </span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;">No, hoy no voy a hablar del oro. Prefiero hacerlo de uno de mis temas favoritos: <b>la higiene</b>.</span><br />
<br />
<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;">Otro mito/bulo es leer (sobre todo en las Redes
Sociales) y escuchar que los conquistadores españoles carecían de higiene; vamos, que no se lavaban porque la gente medieval y la del siglo XVI habían olvidado</span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;"><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-1qd0xha r-ad9z0x r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"> las más mínimas costumbres higiénicas tan en boga durante la época romana, </span>o </span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;">que pensaban </span>que la mugre les protegía de las enfermedades. </span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;">Y es por todo esto que los aztecas
recibieron con incienso a los españoles por el mal olor que desprendían. </span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;">Aquí una pequeñísima muestra de todas estas necedades:</span></span></div>
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<img border="0" data-original-height="174" data-original-width="360" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibEUN8spEQ9z6didg2urytHAEab2W7b8fGY0_ChQE7w6nP0dDsROM9-IWYGKvBYC1E7H2MQEzESyYEa9x4yVFwYXnC4eIF7zpaXRP_uFLxSOwS2drcR-bTclhsF-w213TuNPYdb5iG1ugV/s400/conquistadores2.png" width="400" /></div>
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<img border="0" data-original-height="272" data-original-width="607" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM51MYmK1ydFPP83KO0tTgbmJgSKmKeMBzBDwPN_qz_yBYXnDL1MYygJIZkj2HTQbTjQybHBexcl7b00HDR5EKYj4sh7ZlfmF1Zufdga2BwOIzB90y_drKt3N1LZB8r8sXnMZHj42PlyLF/s400/conquistadores+3.png" width="400" /></div>
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<img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="597" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiObpCU20toIfagC_CJ1NMqvfEQP5k9OvKI46B5n5nH0b1coal1rUWS_16JdKf1tj96pQLhbCNN8D01Q0owrEUSlV8_Z14lmC0WflusEcnLXiPQDZcCHDgSza3ZNXECi3PWbiuqJkctHzZ1/s400/conquistadores+4.png" width="400" /></div>
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<img border="0" data-original-height="180" data-original-width="591" height="121" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKmKWE2GEHID7eE0e9Da6Tr54cUShqPbZicI-sNpYEJpUp9rYqvvR7jlJhn3GKv0y_GCopEWcstJfmzWWcSQsH0V-w99KZHK5IiQoP6bUYs1hMvHdIeYGgbHTVqBxh3u0xI7_wOGyQ3gkO/s400/conquistadores.png" width="400" /></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;">En un blog se puede leer este otro <a href="https://reinamares.hypotheses.org/12740">disparate</a>:</span></div>
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<span class="css-901oao"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt;">"El “olor a
mujer honesta” medieval, que los eclesiásticos aplaudían era el producido por
la ausencia de agua y jabón, muy agradable no debía ser. La falta de higiene
reconocida como ‘santa’ la practicaban por igual hombres y mujeres."</span></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 16pt;"></span></div>
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</span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;">Sin embargo el aseo y el cuidado del cuerpo y de la ropa era algo habitual en el mundo cristiano, y el jabón y los baños que había en las ciudades se usaban con normalidad. </span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;">Aquí las entradas que hice sobre estos temas: <a href="https://opusincertumhispanicus.blogspot.com/2016/03/la-higiene-desde-la-edad-media-hasta-el.html">La higiene desde la Edad Media hasta el siglo XVII</a>; <a href="https://revisioneshistoricasopusincertum.blogspot.com/2019/06/el-jabon-medicina-domestica.html">El jabón</a>; <a href="https://opusincertumhispanicus.blogspot.com/2017/04/la-higiene-dental.html">La higiene dental</a>; <a href="https://opusincertumhispanicus.blogspot.com/2018/05/la-higiene-y-la-ropa.html">La limpieza de la ropa</a>.</span><br />
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Martínez de Toledo,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>El Corbacho, Siglo
XV</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDNnAPXjFkKBLccOMKU8H6b3zWnT8KVKUVNKPudWBOe_5I6vm0wXDWdOA4NmqXN5vQg2j_i9hxG71sqVm8uepw_i5WajUSktmhs27gk2HdBSdAaPSIVjEx7fI3410mf83821rK86dBLByi/s1600/jab%25C3%25B3n.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="232" data-original-width="589" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDNnAPXjFkKBLccOMKU8H6b3zWnT8KVKUVNKPudWBOe_5I6vm0wXDWdOA4NmqXN5vQg2j_i9hxG71sqVm8uepw_i5WajUSktmhs27gk2HdBSdAaPSIVjEx7fI3410mf83821rK86dBLByi/s400/jab%25C3%25B3n.png" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">El
origen de este mito es difícil de rastrear, pero tal vez comience a principios
del siglo XX. En varios libros dedicados a la historia de la conquista de América, sus autores usan los términos “sorpresa” o “asombro” para señalar la poca limpieza de los españoles al compararlos con
la frecuencia con que se bañaban los aztecas. </span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Pero, tras una búsqueda
en las crónicas de época, leo que el término que usaban los cronistas era “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">maravilla</i></b>” que podemos «traducir» también por alegrarse. </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Por cierto, crónicas en las que no he encontrado nada sobre su falta de higiene o sobre que los indígenas sugirieran que olían mal.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Veamos ahora aquellos datos que han servido para crear el mito:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Cédula de los Reyes Católicos
de 1503: </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<![endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt;">«De las muchas pestilencias que han tenido los indios de esta Nueva
España después que son cristianos: [...] La causa de morir tantos fue<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>por ser enfermedad no conocida y no saber los
indios el remedio contra viruelas, y no haber aún venido los primeros frailes,
que siempre han sido sus médicos, así corporales como espirituales, y muy
particularmente por la costumbre que ellos <b>tienen de bañarse a menudo, sanos y
enfermos, en baños calientes</b>, con lo cual se les inflama más la sangre, y así
morían<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>infinitos por todas partes.»</span></i></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif""></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif""></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Noticias sobre los baños de los
indígenas de Mesoamérica. </span><br />
<br />
<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Hay que tener presente la importancia que le daban al agua. Los baños, sobre todo
aquellos que tenían lugar en <b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">temazcalli</i><i>s</i></b>
o <b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">temacz</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ales<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif""> </span></i></b></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(baños
de vapor o de sudor) se tomaban principalmente como actos de purificación
del cuerpo y del alma; agua que podía restablecer la salud o la podía minar. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<img border="0" data-original-height="915" data-original-width="1270" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZhvsOOPa1HvDOyr32sRmxM3deSo7d-jMkN90PYdWNSS2qMXKHf5nbcMbPWTnm7c19CVd0rssbiPmYzS63rrJVMmT7q4uTn59K04gQAplj_gTynEaqfvYj3WiHTk2wYuYhlnnaksrsccUp/s400/Codex_Magliabechiano_%2528folio_77r%2529.jpg" width="400" /> </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
(Imagen obtenida <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temazcal#/media/Archivo:Codex_Magliabechiano_(folio_77r).jpg">aquí</a>) </div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">-Pêro
Vaz de Caminha</span></b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cartas
a Manuel I de Portugal</i> (1500): </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">«<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Allí andaban entre ellos tres o cuatro mozas, bien jovencitas y
gentiles, con cabellos muy negros y largos por las espaldas; y sus vergüenzas,
tan altas y tan cerraditas y <b>tan limpias de las cabelleras q</b>ue, de que nosotros
las miráramos, no se avergonzaban</i>.»</span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">«<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">El viejo con quien el Capitán había hablado </i></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[…]
</span></i>hecho del cual deduzco que se trata de gente bestial y de poco
saber, y por eso tan arisca. <b>Pero a pesar de todo eso andan bien fuertes, y muy
limpios</b>. Y con esto me convenzo cada vez más de que son como aves, o criaturas
del monte, a las cuales el aire les da mejores plumas y mejor cabello que a las
criaturas mansas, porque sus cuerpos son tan limpios y tan gordos y tan
hermosos que no podrían ser más hermosos de lo que son y esto me hace suponer
que no tienen casas ni viviendas en las que se recojan; y el aire en que se
crían los hace así.</i>»</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;">-Relación hecha por el señor <b>Andrés de Tapia</b> sobre
la conquista de México</span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;"> (mediados del siglo XVI)</span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;">: sobre Moctezuma.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt;">«e sabed que siempre lo traían platos nuevos en que
comie, e jamás comie en cada plato más de una vez, <b>ni se vistie ropa más de una
vez; e lavábase el cuerpo cada día dos veces</b>»</span></i></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">-<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fray Diego de Landa</b>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Relación
de las cosas de Yucatán</i> (hacia 1566): </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">«<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><b>Que se bañaban mucho</b>, no cuidando de cubrirse de las mujeres sino
cuanto podía cubrir la mano.»</i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">«<b>Que
se lavaban las manos y la boca después de comer</b>.»</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">«Que
eran amigos de buenos olores y que por eso usaban ramilletes de flores y yerbas
olorosas, muy curiosos y labrados</span></i><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.»</span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">«</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Bañábanse muy a menudo con agua fría, como los hombres, y no lo hacían con
sobrada honestidad, porque acaecía desnudarse en cueros en el pozo [cenote]
donde iban por agua para ello</b>. <b>Acostumbraban, además, de esto bañarse en agua
caliente y fuego y de éste poco, y mas por causa más de salud que limpieza […]</b>
Acostumbraban untarse, como sus maridos, con cierto ungüento colorado, y las
que tenían posibilidad, echábanse a cierta confección de una goma olorosa y muy
pegajosa que creo que es liquidámbar que en su lengua llaman iztah-te y con
esta confección untaban cierto ladrillo como de jabón que tenían labrado de
galanas labores y con aquel se untaban los pechos y brazos y espaldas y
quedaban galanas y olorosas según les parecía; y durábales mucho sin quitarse
según era bueno el ungüento</span></i><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">».</span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;">-<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bernal Díaz del Castillo</b>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Historia
Verdadera de la Conquista de la Nueva España</i> (hacia 1575) (sobre
el uso del <b>incienso</b> haré más adelante una entrada en el blog):</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;">«</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt;">Y
quiso Dios que <b>topásemos buen agua, y con la alegría y por hartarnos de ella y
lavar paños para curar los heridos,</b> estuvimos espacio de una hora. Y ya que nos
queríamos venir a embarcar con nuestra agua, muy gozosos, vimos venir a un
soldado</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;">.»</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt;">«De la manera e persona del gran Montezuma y de cuán grande señor era</span></i></div>
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<i><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt;">[…] <b>Era éste muy polido y limpio, bañándose cada día una vez a la tarde</b></span></i><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt;">»</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt;">«<b>Llegamos a una fuente </b>que estaba en
una ladera,</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> […] </i></span>y <b>de buen reposo nos paramos a lavar y a comer de la miseria
que habíamos habido</b>.»</span></i></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">-<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Francisco</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cervantes de
Salazar</b>, en su obra <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Crónica de la
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">«<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><b>Andaba éste siempre muy polido, y a su modo ricamente vestido</b>; <b>era
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se bañaba dos veces</b>; salía pocas veces de la cámara, si no era a comer; no se
dejaba visitar de muchos; […] Vivía el Emperador en un palacio </i></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">[…] </i></span> una hermosa fuente ornamental centralizaba además
el servicio de sus aguas; tenía numerosas salas de ceremonia, cien aposentos de
veinticinco a treinta pies cuadrados de superficie; cien baños. […]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Maravillábanse</b>
los españoles de todo este esplendor y les asombraba el contraste con la
pobreza y falta de comodidad de las camas, mantas sobre esteras o heno, o esteras
solas, las más delgadas puestas sobre las más gruesas</i>»</span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;">-<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fray Bernardino de Sahagún</b>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Historia
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt;">«también la adoraban [una diosa] <b>los
que tienen en sus casas baños ó temazcali</b>s, y todos ponían la imagen de esta
diosa en los baños, y llamábanla Temazcalteci, que quiere decir la abuela de
los baños.»</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt;">«Él [un dios] hace la sal y la miel
espesa, y <b>el carbon y la cal, y calienta los baños para bañarse,</b> y hace el
aceite que se llama uxitl; con él se calienta la legía y agua para labar las
ropas sucias y viejas, y se vuelven casi nuevas.»</span></i></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;">-<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Francisco López de Gómara</b>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Historia de las conquistas de Hernando
Cortés</i> (mediados del siglo XVI):</span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i><br />
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lo demás tienen grandes cabezas á causa de ir destocadas: <b>lávanse mucho y
entran en baños frios en saliendo de baños calientes, que parece dañoso</b>.»</span></i></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">-<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Francisco Núñez de Pineda y Bascuñán (noble,
escritor y militar chileno)</b>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cautiverio
feliz</i> (1673):</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">«Se levantaron luego las más viejas y
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acostumbran de ordinario</b>, y al punto se pusieron a hacernos de almorzar de lo
que había.»</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">«En esto <b>salió su padre que iba al río a
bañarse y nos llamó para que fuéramos a hacer lo propio en su compañía</b>. Aunque
a las principios llegué a sentir el imitarles en aquella acción y costumbre,
<b>después me hice tanto al baño de por la mañana</b>, que era el primero que acudía a
él sin repugnancia, porque real y verdaderamente conocí y experimenté ser
saludable medicina para la salud. En todo el curso de mi vida me he hallado tan
fuerte y vigoroso como después que continué aquel ejercicio. Y el haber vivido
después acá con buena salud (a Dios las gracias principalmente) lo atribuyo al
haber quedado acostumbrado a refrescarme de mañana; porque ya que no puedo
ejecutar el baño -por no tener a mano cuando me levanto un cristalino arroyo a
que arrojarme-, me hago echar en la cabeza y en el cerebro un cántaro de agua
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<span class="css-901oao"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;">Pues, logicamente, dependería de la persona y de las circunstancias: tiempo sin lavarse ni lavar la ropa (sería interesante un estudio serio y profundo sobre la higiene en los barcos), tras una batalla, tras realizar ejercicio, etc. </span></span><br />
<span class="css-901oao"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;">Y la "sociología del olor", reales o imaginarios, no sólo incluye el olor "del otro", también está sujeto al tipo de vestimenta, los perfumes (tipos de plantas y minerales que se usaban), la relación con animales (caballos), etc.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">(1)<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;"> Esta cita la he visto así escrita</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;"> en libros y blogs</span></span>: </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="st"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">“</span></span><i><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">No deberán bañarse con tanta frecuencia como hasta aquí
lo han hecho porque, según nuestros informes, les causa mucho daño</span></i><span class="st"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">.”</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">, es decir, mal y sin ponerla entera, lo que lleva a confusión:.</span><span class="st"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;"> ¿Y el "mucho daño" haría referencia a las enfermedades traídas por los españoles?</span></span></span><br />
<br /></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt;">Bibliografía:</span></div>
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<![endif]--><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif""><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Francisco de Solano: Normas y leyes de la
ciudad hispanoamericana: 1492-1600. Biblioteca de Historia de América. CSIC,
Madrid, 1996.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif""></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"">Tania Hélène Campos Thomas:
Agua y enfermedad entre algunos grupos Mayas durante la colonia. Antípoda Nº 3,
2006. </span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif""></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif""></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif""><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><a href="http://ww2.oikos.unam.mx/CIEco/comunidades/files/El%20manejo%20del%20agua%20en%20territorios%20in%20Mex4.pdf">El
manejo del agua en territorios indígenas de México.</a></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif""> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif""><a href="http://www.fu1838.org/pdf/53-1.pdf">Noticias
sobre el desarrollo de la medicina en Nueva-España</a>. </span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif""></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif""><a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/cronica-de-la-nueva-espana--0/html/29922ac8-e981-4372-adcc-8c3c6643fdaa_6.htm">Crónicas
de la Nueva España.</a></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif""><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif""><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><a href="https://www.imta.gob.mx/biblioteca/libros_html/agua-cosmovision/Agua_en_la_Cosmovisi.pdf">El
agua en la cosmovisión de los pueblosindígenas en México.</a> </span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif""></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif""> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif""><a href="http://www.gazeta-antropologia.es/wp-content/uploads/G22_16Alfonso_Aparicio_Mena.pdf">El
temazcal en la cultura tradicional de salud y en la etnomedicina mesoamericana.</a></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif""></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif""><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Varios autores: El «temazcal» en Mesoamérica:
evolución, forma y función. </span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif""></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif""> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif""><a href="https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=Joaqu%C3%ADn+Garc%C3%ADa+Icazbalceta">Joaquín
García Icazbalceta: Relación hecha por el señor Andrés de Tapiasobre la
conquista de México.</a></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif""></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif""><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><a href="https://www.nuevatribuna.es/articulo/cultura---ocio/pandemia-viruela-ano1520-americas-cristobalcolon-salud-historia-cultura/20200331112752172905.html">La
pandemia de la viruela</a></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif""></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"">Mª del Pilar Romero del Castillo<span style="color: black;">: </span>El léxico de los afeites en el Corbacho y La
Celestina. </span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif""></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"">Consuelo Varela, Isabel Aguirre: La caída de
Cristóbal Colón: el juicio de Bobadilla. 2006.</span></li>
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif""></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif""></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"">A<span style="transform: scaleX(1.02909);">nthony Synnott:
Sociología del olor. 2003.</span></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="532" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8TO3GbDpXJ5MLnkXd2nPWpV1dYY489geBMpb4xw9seXvOD4r4LfXQ_q0V29jn7X0T8fVB8_PwoidMEKZe0x3FiD5p-LCWxCawHXMjBmN-eUI6qV7qo8ZuLvSoJkdndUDAMhBMo34XqU7i/s320/Desgarrador+de+pechos.jpg" width="284" /></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Inglés:
Breast ripper, iron spider, spanish spider. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Francés:
Ripper du sein.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Alemán:
Brustreißer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
En Internet, y sobre todo en la mayoría de los libros dedicados a la tortura, se
puede leer que fue un instrumento utilizado tanto en la Edad Media como por la
Inquisición española (¡cómo no!) principalmente en mujeres acusadas de
adulterio o que abortaban voluntariamente. Este aparatito desgarraría los senos
y para mayor crueldad, el hierro se solía calentar o enfríar.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pues bien, hasta este
momento no he encontrado datos de su uso, ni siquiera he encontrado alguna
mención en libros del siglo XIX. En cambio, curiosamente, lo podemos ver en todos los museos dedicados
a la tortura. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lógicamente, son creaciones actuales, aunque el de</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fomfr_breast_ripper.jpg">Freiburgim Breisgau (Alemania)</a> ¡lo datan, asombrosamente, del siglo XV! (si fuera así, un museo serio lo tendría en alguna de sus vitrinas).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: ES;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fomfr_breast_ripper.jpg"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Y por supuesto, la <b>Inquisición
española </b>jamás lo utilizó, ni ese ni otro similar, ni cortaba pechos.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://twitter.com/AntonioMaestre/status/415227540954165248?s=20"><img alt="https://twitter.com/AntonioMaestre/status/415227540954165248?s=20" border="0" data-original-height="577" data-original-width="625" height="367" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz45kGRl3TBjjkf_mckwgoidzCuzToRZEQqh3xd7hXUpahLsDtXs3c0eQj3yS3DIUHRFkuQ8re9Dd0aGrM9Kc5CIWrVaZyjEY1dVQfQx7kX4u_9dkMMR40mfFhNWeFWzcQpVDDI8nWb4Zo/s400/desgarrador+de+senos.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="css-901oao"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">También
he llegado a leer que <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ana Pappenheimer</b>,
ajusticiada por brujería en Baviera (1600), fue torturada con un instrumento
similar. Pero en los artículos que he leído sólo se dice que le cortaron los
pechos.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<img border="0" data-original-height="196" data-original-width="321" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfFFybVEHj8sPEPqcilZ_WzqGJpJEVw2Tg0MfynxOZu09op0YB9zJrjTX_TeSQILkU9RD3fNiYs0GKuReSHL9HMF1RaeAOBgEx6OqZ1qy44qZZG7pDjOQDq3DySQU-WDeFkdb8xwPETtCL/s400/Ana+Pappenheimer.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://angelfire.com/oh5/writing/witchcraftmisogony.pdf">Witchcraft in France as a formof misogyny</a></span></div>
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</xml><![endif]--><a href="https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1043133"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Today’s horrible tale fromhistory takes us to Munich</span></a>
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<a href="https://twitter.com/AntonioMaestre/status/700683442938187777?s=20"><img alt="https://twitter.com/AntonioMaestre/status/700683442938187777?s=20" border="0" data-original-height="561" data-original-width="595" height="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW5z2alCmdRyd-4LGngeQK608kHlBls3nSPNrQ4ClNbeRRl0GpZhA-LMwfcgHHYeBnTgNW2v-kEEcW9a-611LIrDoqe9FInUZvGN7sJXr4y5mV2rz6zQ43Hz2EVvdpLBnz5TkH_kwFfRdT/s400/disparates4.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://t.co/RUQ5bAbGkT?amp=1" target="_blank" title="http://www.angelfire.com/oh5/writing/witchcraftmisogony.pdf"><span aria-hidden="true"><span class="css-901oao"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;"></span></span></span></a><span class="css-901oao"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><a data-focusable="true" href="https://t.co/bfv0P6Ivcj?amp=1" role="link" target="_blank" title="https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1043133171888545793.html"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></a><span style="color: #e0245e; mso-fareast-language: ES;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://twitter.com/MujeresRadfem/status/979158795439001606?s=20"><img alt="https://twitter.com/MujeresRadfem/status/979158795439001606?s=20" border="0" data-original-height="475" data-original-width="594" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbgSiyz7aH7Exo2dmYuAOwz-CzxfiA-PZMVKZhDRrEk5M-xd7w6L_XRx8qNO2XlU0aJJ7HpbT0PIptjitQeMPeM8YBdn6aXG3mTNiuM6WSboZAODwcgHYXglsVYFAmpox0OAeNg8gOCE-R/s400/santa+%25C3%2581gueda2.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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Otros instrumentos sin valor histórico:<br />
<a href="https://revisioneshistoricasopusincertum.blogspot.com/2020/07/la-doncella-de-hierro.html">La doncella de hierro.</a><br />
<a href="https://revisioneshistoricasopusincertum.blogspot.com/2020/04/juguetes-decimononicos-la-pera-oral-o.html">La pera vaginal</a></div>
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Consuelohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17065612406754802718noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-890172540478026014.post-54334147573737477912020-04-06T04:31:00.003-07:002024-01-08T01:25:13.313-08:00«Juguetes decimonónicos»: la pera oral o vaginal.<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Es frecuente leer por las
Redes Sociales, o por alguna página Web, que ciertos «aparatitos de
tortura» los usó la Inquisición española, o que se utilizó en la Edad Media.</span><br /></span><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">1. LA PERA ORAL o VAGINAL, </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">de la angustia</span></b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">, <b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>veneciana</b>:</span></div></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">En francés se puede
encontrar como <i>poire d'angoisse spagnolo</i>, <i>p</i></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><i>oire
de papes</i></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"> y en inglés <i>pear of
anguish</i>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>choke pe</i>ar.</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="text-align: justify;">No hay datos en documentos, ni
inquisitoriales ni civiles, sobre su existencia. </span><br /></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">No han llegado, tan siquiera, hasta nuestros días instrumentos de época... Sí, sí, ya sabemos que en los mal llamados <b>museos de la tortura</b> se muestran algunos pero «siento decir» que son falsos, son construcciones del siglo XIX y réplicas del siglo XX realizadas por herreros mañosos. </span></div>
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</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pera_de_la_angustia"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><img alt="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pera_de_la_angustia" border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="800" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmGm8lJxZslu_2-z0uVpV-_yEDe2gT2HFZIsyc9R35bAswOHQKVph6O_i6wLhfpicxw5j6qJvC_rSd04hLMAj-BiSEdpfw0M-NqZNzdglQ3jfWzIzF_uTGJPsSPIoczBoN5KNVvfWyhskX/s400/Pera+vaginal.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;"> </span>
<br />
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;"></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;"></span></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">Pero veamos el origen de esta fantasía:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;"><b></b></span><b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">Euryale Cazeaux &
Edouard Charton</span></b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;"> </span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">en su obra </span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;"><i>Le magasin pittoresque</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><i> </i></span>(1835) </span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">escriben sobre <b>«</b></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">poire
d'angoisse»:</span></span></div>
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<![endif]--><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">Es decir, estos dos autores dicen que en la </span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">obra</span> «El inventario general de la historia de los ladrones» (que datan de 1555) se escribe sobre la pera de angustia. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">Realmente la obra es de 1629-1631 de <a href="https://data.bnf.fr/fr/12769494/francois_de_calvi/">François de Calvi</a>, quien describe una pera oral
que unos ladrones </span>utilizaron <span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;"> para que la víctima no gritara. </span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">Entre el siglo XVIII y
finales del siglo XIX, la «pera oral» se recordará, esporádicamente,
</span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">en los libros </span>como un instrumento para silenciar a las víctimas durante el siglo XVII por bandidos europeos (holandeses o franceses).</span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">Los ejemplos más antiguos de este instrumento se conservan en varios museos
europeos. </span>El del Louvre, perteneciente a la colección del
músico Alexander-Charles Sauvageot, probablemente se remonte a 1800-1830, y fue
catalogado en 1856. El del Museo de Boston es del mismo período. Todos los
demás se encargaron fabricar entre finales del siglo XIX y principios del siglo pasado, siendo en los mal llamados museos de la tortura donde van a proliferar. El sentimiento anticlerical hizo, y hace también hoy en día, el resto, y se dirán tonterías como estas: </span></div>
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<a href="https://twitter.com/AntonioMaestre/status/289140942013886465?s=20"><img alt="https://twitter.com/AntonioMaestre/status/289140942013886465?s=20" border="0" data-original-height="593" data-original-width="415" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWavWxhf5NIYL1ygJDbRBJ7Kfi3_FfYJy3QGqdwMB9JwENTwTYDvUNuf4FTAjD62WnmT3bsWTU9V03xRGUSkuMTM-CIIkc9rM7Ak7ltf3jLgrwct1l_tXYU-uzdf96EyOTlR5suZBdSeYC/s640/pera+vaginal3.png" width="444" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrLLKhi-4gRpMWYGotBVKhaQrAyRLfRkL3ON7_GMoQl6rkr_dFlZd1wfyo0prZW32ZbkMeXG4ZOOvGYAVA-3yMkzCOT6bxIJdEr84FJUunLYH7p_CKd9xS6AQbODVDIyGSmFhEXKEENZlN/s1600/pera+vaginal2.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="587" data-original-width="473" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrLLKhi-4gRpMWYGotBVKhaQrAyRLfRkL3ON7_GMoQl6rkr_dFlZd1wfyo0prZW32ZbkMeXG4ZOOvGYAVA-3yMkzCOT6bxIJdEr84FJUunLYH7p_CKd9xS6AQbODVDIyGSmFhEXKEENZlN/s400/pera+vaginal2.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
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<img border="0" data-original-height="559" data-original-width="601" height="370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFDY7H3-E9Wjz4ABApd-bgk_Q8IVkYiqUQmQAqew67J1IIdhmxgvtFOk1acSm-MUNoIL3AcN4SOQkHc4iE0RpSOBtei1JnZWove2eJ9tnvz-44tlxqqMlAIPHefUGUuKrdH1xsAayM6loL/s400/Pera+vaginal.png" width="400" /></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://twitter.com/muyinteresante/status/1282754174275465218?s=20"><img alt="https://twitter.com/muyinteresante/status/1282754174275465218?s=20" border="0" data-original-height="587" data-original-width="483" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWAHMAOx9mS_Ep-0NV5-0-S2DCa7zBv3IxopWCq1FHsXqKox7hoU4UgsRyFsCmWcknqHNxUqf2TRumEo78cthyphenhyphenm1kxJAfui5kNTKoEIVOowILlbbKEH24QYtKKU9MzFpiwIAA9j502krdv/w327-h400/Muy+interesante.png" width="327" /><span id="goog_362465283"></span></a><span id="goog_362465284"></span></div>
<br /><br />
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span>Pd: Como bien nos dice un <a href="https://twitter.com/MNetico/status/1247132480169279488?s=20">tuitero,</a> las <span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-1qd0xha r-ad9z0x r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">peras vaginales que aparecen en las fotos llevan un perno roscado, y nos pasa este enlace muy interesante sobre este tema: </span><a href="https://www.boltscience.com/pages/screw2.htm"><span class="subtitle">Historical Background.</span></a></span><br /></span></div><br /><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Otros instrumentos sin ningún valor histórico:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://revisioneshistoricasopusincertum.blogspot.com/2020/07/la-doncella-de-hierro.html">La doncella de hierro.</a></span><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://revisioneshistoricasopusincertum.blogspot.com/2020/04/el-desgarrador-de-senos-una-fantasia.html"><span style="font-size: large;">El desgarrador de senos</span></a> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%;">Bibliografía:</span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_myh6xoFkn4UC/mode/2up"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Histoire generale des larrons, diuisee en troisliures. 1. Contenant les cruautez & meschancetez des volleurs. 2. Des ruses& subtilitez des couppeurs de bourses. 3. Les finesses, tromperies &stratagemes des filous. Par F.D.C. lyonnois Suitte de l'Inuentaire et Histoiregenerale des larrons. 3. Les finesses, trmoperies & strat</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%;">Museo de los niños, Tomo I. Madrid, 1847.</span></li>
<li><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Chris Bishop: </span>The 'Pear of Anguish': Truth, Torture and Dark
Medievalism.</span>
</li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
Consuelohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17065612406754802718noreply@blogger.com0